Chapter 31: Fungi Flashcards
Describe how fungi obtain their nutrients
Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from their environment by secreting hydrolytic enzymes which break down nutrients into smaller bits to absorb
fungi that break down and absorb nutrients from non-living material
decomposers
fungi that absorb nutrients from a living host
parasitic
fungi that absorb nutrients from a living host but reciprocate with actions that benefit the host
mutualistic
most common fungal body structure
multi-cellular filaments and single cells (yeast) - most grow as multicellular filaments
hyphae
network of tiny filaments tat consist of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells
cell walls are strengthened by ______ , which can enhance feeding by absorption
chitin - strong and flexible polysaccharide
hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls called
septa
what are coenocytic fungi?
fungi that lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundred/thousands of nuclei
fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called _____ that infiltrate the material on which the fungus feeds
mycelium
haustoria
specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients from, or exchange nutrients with, plant hosts
mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plants roots are called _______ which can improve the delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants because the hyphae are more effective at collecting nutrients
mycorrhizae
type of mycorrhizal fungi that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and typically grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
ectomycorrhizal fungi
type of mycorrhizal fungi that extend branching hyphae thru the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually, producing a large amount of _______
spores - haploid cells
nuclei and spores of of most fungi are _____
haploid
sexual reproduction begins when ______ from two mycelia release __________
hyphae - pheromones
the union of cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
plasmogamy
the haploid nuclei contributed by the parents fuse, producing diploid cells. zygotes and other transient structures develop during this stage, the only DIPLOID stage in most fungi
karyogamy
______ follows karyogamy, restoring haploid condition, ultimately leading to the formation of genetically diverse spores.
meiosis
fungi that grow as filamentous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis and have visible mycelia
mold
asexual reproduction by this type of fungi occurs by ordinary cell division or by the pinching of small “bud cells” off a parent cell
yeast
group of fungi that were observed to have no sexual reproduction stage in their life cycles
deuteromycetes
