Chapter 31-36

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

the processing of information into the memory system

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 4

Retrival

Answer 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 5

Parallel Processing

Answer 5

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 7

Short term memory

Answer 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 8

Long Term Memory

Answer 8

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved fron long-term memory

Question 10

Explicit Memory

Answer 10

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Question 11

Effortful Processing

Answer 11

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 12

Automatic Processing

Answer 12

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Question 13

Implicit Memory (Nondeclarative Memory)

Answer 13

retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 14

Iconic Memory

Answer 14

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 15

Echoic Memory

Answer 15

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 16

Chunking Memory

Answer 16

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 17

Mnemonics

Answer 17

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 18

Spacing Effect

Answer 18

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 19

Testing Effect

Answer 19

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Question 20

Shallow Processing

Answer 20

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 21

Deep Processing

Answer 21

encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 22

Hippocampus

Answer 22

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage which is a save button for explicit memories

Question 23

Flashbulb memory

Answer 23

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 24

Long Term Potentiation(LTP)

Answer 24

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 25

Priming

Answer 25

the activation, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory

Question 26

Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 26

the tendancy to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 27

Serial Position Effect

Answer 27

our tendancy to recall best to last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list

Question 28

Recall

Answer 28

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 29

Relearning

Answer 29

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 30

Recognition

Answer 30

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test

Question 31

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 31

a decreased ability to retain new information.

Question 32

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 32

affects memories that were formed before the onset of amnesia.

Question 33

Proactive Ineterference

Answer 33

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 34

Retroactive Interference

Answer 34

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 35

Repression

Answer 35

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 36

Misinformation Effect

Answer 36

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Question 37

Source Amnesia

Answer 37

attributing the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined and is at the heart of many false memories, along with the misinformation effect. (Also called source misattribution.)

Question 38

Déjà Vu

Answer 38

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” causing cues from the current situation to unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 39

Consolidation

Answer 39

the process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones

Question 40

Constructive Process

Answer 40

referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information.

Question 41

Decay/Disuse

Answer 41

a theory that proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time

Question 42

Eidetic Imagery

Answer 42

an unusually vivid subjective visual phenomenon. An eidetic person claims to continue to “see” an object that is no longer objectively present.

Question 43

Distributive Practice

Answer 43

a learning procedure in which practice periods for a particular task are separated by lengthy rest periods

Question 44

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 44

Elaborative rehearsal is a way to more effectively memorize information and maintain it in your long-term memory

Question 45

False Memory Syndrome

Answer 45

False memory refers to cases in which people remember events differently from the way they happened

Question 46

Memory Trace/Engram

Answer 46

a theoretical means by which memories are physically stored in the brain.

Question 47

Richard Atkinson/Richard Shiffrin

Answer 47

Atkinson’s most fundamental and far-reaching contribution to cognitive psychology is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model (with Richard M. Shiffrin), one of the most significant advances in the study of human memory. It put a theory of memory on a mathematical basis for the first time. The model proposed that we have three stages of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.

Question 48

George A. Miller

Answer 48

made famous the phrase: “the magical number 7, plus or minus 2” when describing human memory. He found that we can usually only memorize 7 items in a sequence at a time, give or take two. This has to do with short-term memory.

Question 49

Herman Ebbinghaus

Answer 49

: He was the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically. He used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well. Ebbinghaus also came up with the forgetting curve and studied overlearning in-depth. The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain them.

Question 50

Eric Kandel

Answer 50

He researched the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons by studying a sea slug called Aplysia. He chose to use a slug because it has only a few, large, easily identifiable nerve cells. He concluded that learning and memory are evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways.

Question 51

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 51

She has conducted extensive research on the malleability of human memory, but she is best known for her ground-breaking work on the misinformation effect and the creation and nature of false memories, including recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. She also conducted in-depth research regarding eyewitness memory. Loftus has applied her research inside and outside t

Question 52

George Sperling

Answer 52

American cognitive psychologist who documented the existence of iconic memory (one of the sensory memory subtypes). Through several experiments, he showed support for his hypothesis that human beings store a perfect image of the visual world for a brief moment, before it is discarded from memory. He is extremely devoted to helping the deaf population with speech recognition.he has contributed very much to the fields of visual information processing and theory and empirical research.