chapter 31

Question 1

three most important functions

Answer 1

maintain fluid balance (10%) in internal environment
immunity
collect absorbed fat from the intestines and transport it to the systematic veins

Question 2

lymph vessels act as

Answer 2

drains to collect excess tissue fluid

Question 3

Lymphatic system

Answer 3

component of the circulatory system; made up of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue

Question 4

Lymphatic vessels do not form

Answer 4

a closed circuit (open)

Question 5

Lymph (lympphatic fluid)

Answer 5

Clear, watery-appearing fluid found in the lymphatic vessels
Closely resembles blood plasma in composition but has a lower percentage of protein

Question 6

Interstitial fluid (IF)

Answer 6

Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and is part of the ECM (extracellular matrix)
Resembles blood plasma in composition with a lower percentage of protein
constitutes the extracellular fluid

Question 7

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 7

microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate; wall consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells

Question 8

Lymphatic capillaries merge to form

Answer 8

larger lymphatics and eventually form the main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic ducts, and the thoracic duct

Question 9

Lymph from upper right quadrant empties

Answer 9

into right lymphatic duct and then into right subclavian vein

Question 10

Lymph from rest of the body empties into the

Answer 10

thoracic duct, which then drains into the left subclavian vein

Question 11

lymphatic vessels have thinner

Answer 11

walls, have more valves, and contain lymph nodes

Question 12

Lymphatic capillary wall is formed by a

Answer 12

single layer of thin, flat endothelial cells

Question 13

Functions of the lymphatic vessels

Answer 13

Remove high–molecular-weight substances and even particulate matter from interstitial spaces
Lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients from the small intestine

Question 14

Lymphokinesis

Answer 14

movement (flow) of lymph; can be visualized in a lymphangiogram

Question 15

Lymph nodes are

Answer 15

oval-shaped structures enclosed by a fibrous capsule

Question 16

Nodes are a

Answer 16

type of biological filter

Question 17

Once lymph enters a node, it moves

Answer 17

slowly through sinuses to drain into the efferent exit vessel

Question 18

Most lymph nodes occur in

Answer 18

groups

Question 19

Functions of lymph nodes—perform two distinct functions

Answer 19

defense functions
hematopoiesis

Question 20

Mechanical filtration

Answer 20

physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body

Question 21

Biological filtration

Answer 21

biological activity of cells destroys and removes particles

Question 22

Phagocytosis

Answer 22

cells remove microorganisms and other injurious particles from lymph and phagocytose them (biological filtration)

Question 23

Hematopoiesis

Answer 23

lymphoid tissue is the site for the final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 24

Palatine tonsils

Answer 24

on each side of the throat (most commonly taken out)

Question 25

Pharyngeal tonsils

Answer 25

near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity

Question 26

Lingual tonsils

Answer 26

near the base of the tongue

Question 27

thymus is the primary organ of lymphatic system Single, unpaired organ located in the

Answer 27

Mediastinum

Question 28

Thymus is pinkish gray in

Answer 28

childhood; with advancing age, becomes yellowish as lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat

Question 29

Structure of the thymus

Answer 29

Two pyramid-shaped lobes are subdivided into small lobules

Question 30

function of the thymus

Answer 30

Plays vital role in immunity mechanism Source of lymphocytes before birth T lymphocytes come from thymus

Question 31

Location of the spleen

Answer 31

in the left hypochondrium, directly below the diaphragm, above the left kidney and descending colon, and behind the fundus of the stomach

Question 32

structure of spleen

Answer 32

non vital organ Ovoid in shape Surrounded by fibrous capsule with inward extensions that divide the organ into compartments

Question 33

White pulp

Answer 33

dense masses of developing lymphocytes(WBC)

Question 34

Red pulp(RBC)

Answer 34

near outer regions, made up of a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood that comes from nearby arterioles; made up of cords of WBCs and related cells surrounded by sinusoids

Question 35

Defense(has WBC) of spleen

Answer 35

macrophages(are going to phagocytize) of the spleen remove microorganisms from the blood and phagocytose them

Question 36

Tissue repair

Answer 36

the spleen holds a reservoir of monocytes(WBC) that migrate in a large mass to sites of injury to help with tissue healing and repair

Question 37

Hematopoiesis(making blood cells)

Answer 37

monocytes and lymphocytes complete their development in the spleen

Question 38

Red blood cell and platelet destruction

Answer 38

macrophages remove worn-out RBCs and imperfect platelets and destroy them by phagocytosis; also salvage iron and globin from destroyed RBCs

Question 39

Blood reservoir

Answer 39

pulp of spleen and its sinuses store blood

Question 40

Lymphatic system drains away

Answer 40

excess water from large areas

Question 41

Lymph is conducted through

Answer 41

lymphatic vessels to nodes, where contaminants are removed

Question 42

Lymphatic system benefits the whole body by

Answer 42

maintaining fluid balance and freedom from disease

Question 43

Disorders associated with lymphatic vessels

Answer 43

Lymphedema Elephantiasis(type of lymphedema, prolonged lymphedema)

Question 43

Disorders associated with lymph nodes and other organs

Answer 43

Tonsillitis(inflammation of the tonsils) ex: strep throat (itis is inflammation) Lymphoma (cancer of lymphocytes)