Chapter 30 : The child with cerebral Dysfunction Flashcards
- An injury to which part of the brain will cause a coma?
a. Brainstem
b. Cerebrum
c. Cerebellum
d. Occipital lobe
ANS: A-Brainstem
Injury to the brainstem results in stupor and coma. Signs of damage to the cerebrum are specific to the
involved area. Individuals with frontal lobe injury may have impaired memory, personality changes, or altered
intellectual functioning. Individuals with damage to the cerebellum have difficulties with coordination of
muscle movements, including ataxia and nystagmus. Impaired vision and functional blindness result from
injury to the occipital lobe.
- What finding is a clinical manifestation of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in children?
a. Low-pitched cry
b. Sunken fontanel
c. Diplopia, blurred vision
d. Increased blood pressure
ANS: C-Diplopia, blurred vision
Diplopia and blurred vision are signs of increased ICP in children. A high-pitched cry and a tense or bulging
fontanel are characteristic of increased ICP. Increased blood pressure, common in adults, is rarely seen in
children
- What are quick, jerky, grossly uncoordinated, irregular movements that may disappear on relaxation called?
a. Twitching
b. Spasticity
c. Choreiform movements
d. Associated movements
ANS: C-Choreiform movements
Quick, jerky, grossly uncoordinated, irregular movements that may disappear on relaxation are called
choreiform movements. Twitching is defined as spasmodic movements of short duration. Spasticity is the
prolonged and steady contraction of a muscle characterized by clonus (alternating relaxation and contraction of
the muscle) and exaggerated reflexes. Associated movements are the voluntary movement of one muscle
accompanied by the involuntary movement of another muscle.
- What term is used when a patient remains in a deep sleep, responsive only to vigorous and repeated
stimulation?
a. Coma
b. Stupor
c. Obtundation
d. Persistent vegetative stat
ANS: B- Stupor
Stupor exists when the child remains in a deep sleep, responsive only to vigorous and repeated stimulation. Coma is the state in which no motor or verbal response occurs to noxious (painful) stimuli. Obtundation
describes a level of consciousness in which the child is arousable with stimulation. Persistent vegetative state
describes the permanent loss of function of the cerebral cortex.
- What term is used to describe a childs level of consciousness when the child is arousable with stimulation?
a. Stupor
b. Confusion
c. Obtundation
d. Disorientation
ANS: C-Obtundation
Obtundation describes a level of consciousness in which the child is arousable with stimulation. Stupor is a
state in which the child remains in a deep sleep, responsive only to vigorous and repeated stimulation. Confusion is impaired decision making. Disorientation is confusion re
- The nurse is closely monitoring a child who is unconscious after a fall and notices that the child suddenly
has a fixed and dilated pupil. How should the nurse interpret this?
a. Eye trauma
b. Brain death
c. Severe brainstem damage
d. Neurosurgical emergency
ANS: D-Neurosurgical emergency
The sudden appearance of a fixed and dilated pupil(s) is a neurosurgical emergency. The nurse should
immediately report this finding. Although a dilated pupil may be associated with eye trauma, this child has
experienced a neurologic insult. One fixed and dilated pupil is not suggestive of brain death. Pinpoint pupils or
fixed, bilateral pupils for more than 5 minutes are indicative of brainstem damage. The unilateral fixed and
dilated pupil is suggestive of damage on the same side of the brain.
- The nurse is caring for a child with severe head trauma after a car accident. What is an ominous sign that
often precedes death?
a. Delirium
b. Papilledema
c. Flexion posturing
d. Periodic or irregular breathing
ANS: D-Periodic or irregular breathing
Periodic or irregular breathing is an ominous sign of brainstem (especially medullary) dysfunction that often
precedes complete apnea. Delirium is a state of mental confusion and excitement marked by disorientation for
time and place. Papilledema is edema and inflammation of the optic nerve. It is commonly a sign of increased
intracranial pressure. Flexion posturing is seen with severe dysfunction of the cerebral cortex or of the
corticospinal tracts above the brainstem.
- What test is never performed on a child who is awake?
a. Dolls head maneuver
b. Oculovestibular response
c. Assessment of pyramidal
tract lesions
d. Funduscopic examination for papilledema
ANS: B-Oculovestibular response
The oculovestibular response (caloric test) involves the instillation of ice water into the ear of a comatose
child. The caloric test is painful and is never performed on an awake child or one who has a ruptured tympanic
membrane. The dolls head maneuver, assessment of pyramidal tract lesions, and funduscopic examination for
papilledema are not considered painful and can be performed on awake children.
- The nurse is doing a neurologic assessment on a 2-month-old infant after a car accident. Moro, tonic neck, and withdrawal reflexes are present. How should the nurse interpret these findings?
a. Neurologic health
b. Severe brain damage
c. Decorticate posturing
d. Decerebrate posturing
ANS: A-Neurologic health
Moro, tonic neck, and withdrawal reflexes are three reflexes that are present in a healthy 2-month-old infant
and are expected in this age group
- The nurse is preparing a school-age child for computed tomography (CT) scan to assess cerebral function. The nurse should include what statement in preparing the child?
a. The scan will not hurt.
b. Pain medication will be given.
c. You will be able to move once the equipment is in place.
d. Unfortunately no one can remain in the room with you during the test.
ANS: A-The scan will not hurt.
For CT scans, the child must be immobilized. It is important to emphasize to the child that at no time is the
procedure painful. Pain medication is not required; however, sedation is sometimes necessary. The child will
not be allowed to move and will be immobilized. Someone is able to remain with the child during the
procedure.
- What is a nursing intervention to reduce the risk of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) in an unconscious
child?
a. Suction the child frequently.
b. Turn the childs head side to side every hour.
c. Provide environmental stimulation.
d. Avoid activities that cause pain or crying.
ANS: D-Avoid activities that cause pain or crying.
Unrelieved pain, crying, and emotional stress all contribute to increasing the ICP. Disturbing procedures
should be carried out at the same time as therapies that reduce ICP, such as sedation. Suctioning is poorly
tolerated by children. When necessary, it is preceded by hyperventilation with 100% oxygen. Turning the head
side to side is contraindicated for fear of compressing the jugular vein. This would block the flow of blood
from the brain, raising ICP. Nontherapeutic touch and environmental stimulation increase ICP. Minimizing
both touch and environmental stimuli noise reduces ICP.
- What nursing intervention is appropriate when caring for an unconscious child?
a. Avoid using narcotics or sedatives to provide comfort and pain relief.
b. Change the childs position infrequently to minimize the chance of increased intracranial pressure
(ICP).
c. Monitor fluid intake and output carefully to avoid fluid overload and cerebral edema.
d. Give tepid sponge baths to reduce fevers above 38.3 C (101 F) because antipyretics are
contraindicated.
ANS: C-Monitor fluid intake and output carefully to avoid fluid overload and cerebral edema.
Often comatose patients cannot cope with the quantity of fluids that they normally tolerate. Overhydration
must be avoided to prevent fatal cerebral edema. Narcotics and sedatives should be used as necessary to reduce
pain and anxiety, which can increase ICP. The childs position should be changed frequently to avoid
complications such as pneumonia and skin breakdown. Antipyretics are the method of choice for fever
reduction.
- What statement is descriptive of a concussion?
a. Petechial hemorrhages cause amnesia.
b. Visible bruising and tearing of cerebral tissue occur.
c. It is a transient and reversible neuronal dysfunction.
d. It is a slight lesion that develops remote from the site of trauma.
ANS: C-It is a transient and reversible neuronal dysfunction.
A concussion is a transient, reversible neuronal dysfunction with instantaneous loss of awareness and
responsiveness resulting from trauma to the head. Petechial hemorrhages on the superficial aspects of the brain
along the point of impact are a type of contusion but are not necessarily associated with amnesia. A contusion
is visible bruising and tearing of cerebral tissue. Contrecoup is a lesion that develops remote from the site of
trauma as a result of an accelerationdeceleration injury
- What statement best describes a subdural hematoma?
a. Bleeding occurs between the dura and the skull.
b. Bleeding occurs between the dura and the cerebrum.
c. Bleeding is generally arterial, and brain compression occurs rapidly.
d. The hematoma commonly occurs in the parietotemporal region
ANS: B-Bleeding occurs between the dura and the cerebrum.
A subdural hematoma is bleeding that occurs between the dura and the cerebrum as a result of a rupture of
cortical veins that bridge the subdural space. An epidural hemorrhage occurs between the dura and the skull, i usually arterial with rapid brain concussion, and occurs most often in the parietotemporal region.
- A 10-year-old boy on a bicycle has been hit by a car in front of a school. The school nurse immediately
assesses airway, breathing, and circulation. What should be the next nursing action?
a. Place the child on his side.
b. Take the childs blood pressure.
c. Stabilize the childs neck and spine.
d. Check the childs scalp and back for bleeding.
ANS: C-Stabilize the childs neck and spine.
After determining that the child is breathing and has adequate circulation, the next action is to stabilize the
neck and spine to prevent any additional trauma. The childs position should not be changed until the neck and
spine are stabilized. Blood pressure is a later assessment. A less urgent but important assessment is inspection
of the scalp for bleeding.
- A school-age child has sustained a head injury and multiple fractures after being thrown from a horse. The
childs level of consciousness is variable. The parents tell the nurse that they think their child is in pain because
of periodic crying and restlessness. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
a. Explain that analgesia is contraindicated with a head injury.
b. Have the parents describe the childs previous experiences with pain.
c. Consult with a practitioner about what analgesia can be safely administered.
d. Teach the parents that analgesia is unnecessary when the child is not fully awake and alert.
ANS: C-Consult with a practitioner about what analgesia can be safely administered.
A key nursing role is to provide sedation and analgesia for the child. Consultation with the appropriate
practitioner is necessary to avoid conflict between the necessity to monitor the childs neurologic status and to
promote comfort and relieve anxiety. Analgesia can be safely used in individuals who have sustained head
injuries. The childs previous experiences with pain should be obtained as part of the assessment, but because of
the severity of the injury, analgesia should be provided as soon as possible. Analgesia can decrease anxiety and
resultant increased intracranial pressure.
- The nurse is assessing a child who was just admitted to the hospital for observation after a head injury. What clinical manifestation is the most essential part of the nursing assessment to detect early signs of a
worsening condition?
a. Posturing
b. Vital signs
c. Focal neurologic signs
d. Level of consciousness
ANS: D-Level of consciousness
The most important nursing observation is assessment of the childs level of consciousness. Alterations in
consciousness appear earlier in the progression of an injury than do alterations of vital signs or focal
neurologic signs. Neurologic posturing is indicative of neurologic damage.
- A 5-year-old girl sustained a concussion when she fell out of a tree. In preparation for discharge, the nurse
is discussing home care with her mother. What sign or symptom is considered a manifestation of
postconcussion syndrome and does not necessitate medical attention?
a. Vomiting
b. Blurred vision
c. Behavioral changes
d. Temporary loss of consciousness
ANS: C-Behavioral changes
The parents are advised of probable posttraumatic symptoms that may be expected. These include behavioral
changes, sleep disturbances, emotional lability, and alterations in school performance. If the child is vomiting, has blurred vision, or has temporary loss of consciousness, she should be seen for evaluation.
- An 18-month-old child is brought to the emergency department after being found unconscious in the family
pool. What does the nurse identify as the primary problem in drowning incidents?
a. Hypoxia
b. Aspiration
c. Hypothermia
d. Electrolyte imbalance
ANS: A-Hypoxia
Hypoxia is the primary problem because it results in global cell damage, with different cells tolerating variable
lengths of anoxia. Neurons sustain irreversible damage after 4 to 6 minutes of submersion. Severe neurologic
damage occurs from hypoxia in 3 to 6 minutes. Aspiration of fluid does occur, resulting in pulmonary edema, atelectasis, airway spasm, and pneumonitis, which complicate the anoxia. Hypothermia occurs rapidly, except
in hot tubs. Electrolyte imbalances do result, but they are not a major cause of morbidity and mortality.
- The mother of a 1-month-old infant tells the nurse she worries that her baby will get meningitis like the
childs younger brother had when he was an infant. The nurse should base a response on which information?
a. Meningitis rarely occurs during infancy.
b. Often a genetic predisposition to meningitis is found.
c. Vaccination to prevent all types of meningitis is now available.
d. Vaccinations to prevent pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis are
available.
ANS: D-Vaccinations to prevent pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis are
available.
H. influenzae type B meningitis has been virtually eradicated in areas of the world where the vaccine is
administered routinely. Bacterial meningitis remains a serious illness in children. It is significant because of
the residual damage caused by undiagnosed and untreated or inadequately treated cases. The leading causes of
neonatal meningitis are the group B streptococci and Escherichia coli organisms. Meningitis is an extension of
a variety of bacterial infections. No genetic predisposition exists. Vaccinations are not available for all of the
potential causative organisms.