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Physiology > Chapter 30: Acid-Base Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 30: Acid-Base Regulation Flashcards

0
Q

Single free proton released from a hydrogen atom

A

Hydrogen ion

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1
Q

Compared with other ions, H concentration of the body fluids is normally kept at a low level. Normal H concentration

A

0.00004 mEq/L or 40 nEq/L

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2
Q

Molecules containing Hydrogen atoms that can release H ions in solutions

A

Acids

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3
Q

Molecules that can accept H ions

A

Base

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4
Q

How do proteins in the body function as bases?

A

Some amino acids have net negative charges that readily accept H

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5
Q

Excess removal of H from the body fluids

A

Alkalosis

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6
Q

Excess addition of H

A

Acidosis

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7
Q

One that rapidly dissociates and releases especially large amounts of H in solution

A

Strong acids

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8
Q

One that reacts rapidly and strongly with H

A

Strong bases

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9
Q

Normal variations of H concentration

A

3-5 nEq/L

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10
Q

Under extreme conditions, H concentration may vary from as low _____ and as high as _____

A

10 nEq/L and 160 nEq/L

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11
Q

Normal pH of arterial blood

A

7.4

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12
Q

Interstitial fluid has a pH of 7.35 similar to this body fluid due to extra amounts of CO2 released from the tissues to form H2CO3

A

Venous blood

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13
Q

Lower and upper limit of pH at which a person can live more than a few hours

A

6.8 - 8.0

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14
Q

pH of ICF

A

6.0-7.4

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15
Q

pH of urine

A

4.5-8.0

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16
Q

pH of gastric HCl

A

0.8

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17
Q

Hypoxia and poor blood to the tissues causes acid accumulation and decreased INTRAcellular pH. True or False

A

True

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18
Q

System that acts immediately (within seconds) to changes in H concentration

A

Buffer system

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19
Q

Any substance that can REVERSIBLY bind H

A

Buffer

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20
Q

What consists the bicarbonate buffer system?

A 
Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate salt (sodium bicarb)
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21
Q

Where Carbonic anhydrase is found

A

Walls of lung alveoli

Epithelial cells of renal tubules

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22
Q

CO2 dissolved in the blood is directly proportional to the amount of undissociated H2CO3. True or False

A

True

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23
Q

Allows one to calculate the pH of a solution if the molar concentration of HCO3 and PCO2 are known

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

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24
Q

Shows the changes in pH of the ECF when the ratio of HCO3 to CO2 in ECF is altered

A

Bicarbonate buffer system titration curve

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25
Q

pK of the bicarbonate buffer system

A

6.1

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26
Q

The buffer system is most effective in the central part of the curve, where the pH is far from the pK of the system. True or False

A

False. pH is NEAR the pK of the system

27
Q

Most powerful extracellular buffer in the body

A

BBS

28
Q

Plays a major role in buffering renal tubular fluid and intracellular fluids

A

Phosphate Buffer System

29
Q

Main elements of the phosphate buffer system

A

H2PO4 and HPO4

30
Q

pK of the phosphate buffer system which allows the system to operate near its maximum buffering power

A

6.8

31
Q

Among the plentiful buffers in the body because of their high concentrations especially in the cells

A

Proteins

32
Q

What causes the pH in the ICF to change when there are changes in the ECF pH?

A

Diffusion of the elements of the BBS

33
Q

60-70% of the total chemical buffering of the body fluids occurs where?

A

Inside the cells

34
Q

H and HCO3 move through the cell membrane of cells slowly except which cell?

A

RBC

35
Q

Buffering power of proteins is due to

A
  • high concentration inside the cells

- pKs are fairly close to intracellular pH

36
Q

All buffers in a common solution are in equilibrium with the same H concentration. Thus, any condition that changes the balance of one buffer system also changes the balance of all the others because the buffer systems buffer one another by shifting H back and forth between them

A

Isohydric principle

37
Q

Effect of increased alveolar ventilation on PCO

A

Low PCO2

38
Q

Increasing alveolar ventilation to about twice normal raises pH of ECF by about _____

A

0.23

39
Q

Decrease in alveolar ventilation to 1/4 normal reduces the pH by ____

A

0.45

40
Q

Increased H concentration increases alveolar ventilation. True or False

A

True

41
Q

Change in ventilation rate per unit change is much greater at reduced levels of pH compared with increased levels of pH. True or False

A

True

42
Q

Feedback gain of respiratory mechanism for controlling H concentration

A

1-3

43
Q

Acid-base imbalance associated with impairment of lung function

A

Respiratory acidosis

44
Q

Nonvolatile acids are acids which cannot be excreted by the lungs. The body produces about ______ each day

A

80 mEq

45
Q

Primary mechanism for removal of nonvolatile acids by the body.

A

Renal excretion

46
Q

Both HCO3 reabsorption and H excretion is accomplished through what process?

A

H secretion by the tubules

47
Q

3 mechanisms to regulate ECF H concentration by the kidneys

A

H secretion
Filtered HCO3 reabsorption
Production of new HCO3

48
Q

Tubular segment that does not participate in H secretion and HCO3 reabsorption

A

Thin descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle

49
Q

80-90% of H secretion and HCO3 reabsorption occurs where

A

Proximal tubule

50
Q

H secretion by a secondary active transport through the Na-H exchanger occurs in which parts of the tubule

A

Proximal tubule
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Early distal tubule

51
Q

Energy for H secretion against a concentration gradient is derived from Na gradient favoring Na movement into the cell established by which transporter?

A

Na-K ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

52
Q

Secretory process of H begins when?

A

Diffusion of CO2 in the tubular cells or formed by metabolism in the tubular epithelial cells

53
Q

How is filtered HCO3 reabsorbed?

A
  1. Combines with the secreted H to form H2CO3
  2. Dissociation into CO2 + H2O
  3. CO2 diffusion into the tubular cell
  4. Formation of H2CO3 catalyzed by Carbonic anhydrase
  5. Dissociation into HCO3 and H
  6. H secretion and HCO3 reabsorption
54
Q 
Method of HCO3 transport in the basolateral membrane of:
A. Proximal tubules
B. Late segments of the proximal tubule
C. Thick ascending loop of Henle
D. Collecting tubules and ducts
A

A. Na-HCO3 co-transport

B-D. Cl-HCO3 exchange

55
Q

Excess H rids the body of nonvolatile acids produced by metabolism mostly through urinary excretion of free H. True or False

A

False. Mostly throguh combination with other urinary buffers

56
Q

Mechanism of H secretion in the late distal tubules and continuing through the remainder of the tubular system

A

Primary active transport (H-ATPase)

57
Q

For each liter of urine formed, a maximum of only _____ free H can be excreted.

A

0.03 mEq

58
Q

4 urinary buffers

A

Phosphate
Ammonia
Citrate
Urate

59
Q

2 effects of excess H

A
  • reabsorption of all filtered HCO3

- production of new HCO3

60
Q

Excreted product of the phosphate buffer system

A

Sodium salt (NaH2PO4)

61
Q

Metabolism of glutamine ultimately results to production of what

A

2 NH4 ions

2 HCO3

62
Q

Ammonia buffer system resulting to NH4 excretion and generation of new HCO3 through the dissociation of H2CO3 and combination of diffused NH3 and secreted H to form NH4 occurs in which tubular segment?

A

Collecting tubules

63
Q

Effect of Chronic acidosis on NH4 excretion

A

Increased excretion of NH4

64
Q

Normal values for pH, pCO2, HCO3

A

7.4
40 mmHg
24 mEq/L

Physiology (8 decks)

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