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General Cellular Biology @RSU > Chapter 3: Water and life > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Water and life Flashcards

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1
Q

chemical properties of water

A

1.) polar covalent bond between one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms
–hydrogen (positive) oxygen(negative)
2.) hydrogen bonds between water molecules

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2
Q

The four (4) important characteristics/characters of water.

A

–cohesion of water molecules
–moderations of temperature by water
–insulation from floating ice
–the solvent of life

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3
Q

cohesion of water molecules

A

by hydrogen bonds among water molecules.
–hydrogen bonds are transient in liquid but abundant.
1.) transport of water to the top of plants.
2.) surface tension /surfactant or soap reduces surface tension.

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4
Q

cohesion

A

between water molecules

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5
Q

adhesion

A

binding different molecules

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6
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy of motion

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7
Q

what is heat?

A

measure of the total amount of kinetic energy. due to molecular motion in a body of matter

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8
Q

what is temperature?

A

measurement of intensity of heat.
–average: kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter/regardless of volume.

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9
Q

what is thermal energy?

A

total kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter.

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10
Q

moderations of temperature by water:

A

kinetic energy
heat
temperature
thermal energy
celsius vs. fahrenheit
calorie (cal)
Joule (J)
specific heat

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11
Q

what is a calorie or (cal)?

A

amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius.

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12
Q

what is a joule (J)?

A

1 cal = 4.184 J

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13
Q

what is specific heat?

A

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree celsius.

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14
Q

what does water serve as?

A

reservoir of Energy

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15
Q

is water resistant to temperature change?

A

yes

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16
Q

how much of earth surface is covered by water?

A

1/3 or about 71%

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17
Q

does a hydrogen bond work as a cushion to change in energy?

A

yes

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18
Q

what are the advantages of higher specific heat energy of water to biosystem?

A

stable temp. of atmosphere
—relativley easy to maintain stable body temp.

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19
Q

heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.

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20
Q

how does water have higher heat of vaporization?

A

by hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

what are the advantages to bio-systems?

A

-sweat to body
-evaporation from plant surface
evaporation from surface of water stabilizes water temp of the earth.

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22
Q

insulation from floating ice?:

A

ice is less dense than water
-formation of permanent hydrogen among four water molecules
–floatation of ice provides insulation to the body of water below
—-allows life to live under the water
—-provides habitat to animals (polar bears and seals)

23
Q

specific heat

A

compared to the water rather than just the energy needed

24
Q

solution

A

liquid that is homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

25
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent of solution

26
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved

27
Q

protein

A

amino acids

28
Q

water is a versitile solvent:

A

property comes from polarity of water
–NaCl in water
—polarity of substances also provide water solubility
—–lysosomes in water

29
Q

hydrophilic

A

has affinity for water
–can be dissolved or suspended in water

30
Q

colloid

A

suspension of particles in water
—cotton is hydrophilic but not dissolved

31
Q

hydrophobic

A

-repels
-non-polar and non ionic substances
—cell membrane is made of non-polar fatty acids inside of the structure
—–solute concentration in aquenous solution.

32
Q

mole

A

quantity of particles fo any tupe equal to Avagadro’s # or 6.02X10>23

33
Q

molar weight

A

the sum of the atomic weight of all the atoms in molecule

34
Q

molar solution

A

solution that contains one mole of solute per liter of solution

35
Q

acid

A

donate hydrogen: release hydrogen in solution

36
Q

strong acids

A

fully dissolved (HCl, H2SO4)

37
Q

weak acids

A

partially dissolved (acetic acids, citric acid).

38
Q

base

A

accept hydrogen

39
Q

strong base

A

fully dissolved

40
Q

weak bases

A

partially dissolved

41
Q

neutral

A

equal concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution

42
Q

reversible reaction

A

ionization of weak acids and bases are usually reversible (CH3 COOH <===> CH3COO- + H+

43
Q

[H+]

A

molecular concentration of H+

44
Q

pH scale:

A

–measure of hydrogen in concentration pH value is “negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter
pH = -log10 [H+]

45
Q

when pH is 7, what happens?

A

both the H+ and OH- are at a concentration of 10-7 molar

46
Q

when pH is 8 is 8 what happens?

A

it is 10 -8 molar for H+ and 10 -6 molar for OH

47
Q

what does the higher # of pH mean?

A

the greater the OH- concentration and the lower the H+

48
Q

buffer solutions

A

solution that minimizes pH fluctuate
–when acids or bases are added
ex. H2CO3 <—> H+ + HCO3

49
Q

why are buffers important?

A

they are important in the regulation of the internal environments of organisms

50
Q

what are buffers?

A

weak acids or weaker bases

51
Q

what keeps pH near neutral?

A

many important biological buffers transition around pH 7.

52
Q

Acid Rain:

A

pH of regular rain is 5.6; CO2 +H2O—H+ +HCO- 3
—rain lower than pH 5.6 is this.
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides

53
Q

ocean acidification

A

pH of present day sea water is o.1 pH unit lower than of past.
–will drop another 0.3-0.5 pH unit by the end of this century.

54
Q
A

General Cellular Biology @RSU (1 decks)

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