Chapter 3 - Vocabulary Flashcards
Dorsal
The back
Ventral
Belly or underside of a body or body part
Cranial
Towards the head
Caudal
Towards the tail
Anterior
Front of the body
Posterior
Rear of the body
Rostral
rohs-trahl
Nose end of the head
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
Caudal
Toward the tail
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Superior
Uppermost, above, or toward the head
Inferior
Lowermost, below, or toward the tail
Proximal
Nearest to the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure
Distal
Farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure
Superficial
Near the surface
a.k.a. - External
Deep
Away from the surface
a.k.a. - Internal
Palmar
Caudal surface of front paw
Plantar
Caudal surface of rear paw
Midsagittal Plane
mihd-sahdj-ih-tahl
Divides the body into equal right and left halves
a.k.a. - Median Plane & Midline
(Hot dog style!)
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into unequal left and right halves
Sideways hamburger bun!
Dorsal Plane
Divides the body into back and belly parts
Hamburger style!
Anatomy
Study of body structure
Physiology
Study of body functions
Pathology
Study of nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions
Pathophysiology
Study of changes in function caused by disease
Etiology
Study of disease causes
Lingual Surface
The tooth surface that faces the toungue
**Commonly used for upper and lower jaw tooth. Correctly the lower tooth.
Palatal Surface
The tooth surface of the upper jaw that faces the toungue
Buccal Surface
buhk-ahl
The surface of the tooth that face the cheek
a.k.a. - Vestibular Surface
Occlusal Surfaces
The surface of the tooth that meet when an animal eats
Labial Surface
The tooth surface that faces the lips
Contact Surfaces
The surface of the tooth that touch other teeth.
Body Cavity
A hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs
Cranial Cavity
The hollow space that contains the brain and skull
Spinal Cavity
The hollow space that contains the spinal cord
**Located in the spinal column
Thoracic/Chest Cavity
The hollow space that contains the heart and lungs
**Located in the ribs between the neck and diaphragm
Abdominal Cavity
The hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion
**Located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity.
Peritoneal Cavity
Hollow space in the abdominal cavity
Pelvic Cavity
The hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems’ organs bounded by pelvic bones
Abdomen
Portion of the body between thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity
Thorax
Chest region located between the neck and diaphragm
Groin
The caudal region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh
a.k.a.- Inguinal area
Membranes
The thin layers of tissue that covers a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ
Peritoneum
Membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Parietal Peritoneum
The outer layer of peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Visceral Peritoneum
Inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Umbilicus
Pit in abdominal wall where the umbilical cord entered the fetus
a.k.a - Navel
Mesentary
The layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
Superficial to the peritoneum
Recumbent
Laying down
Dorsal Recumbency
Lying on the back
Ventral Recumbency
Lying on the belly
Sternal Recumbency
Lying on the back
Left Lateral Recumbency
Lying on the left side
Right Lateral Recumbency
Lying on the right side
Prone
Lying in ventral or sternal recumbency
Supine
Lying in dorsal recumbency
Adduction
Movement towards the midline
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
Flexion
Closure of a joint angle, or reduction of the angle between two bones
Extension
Straightening of a joint angle or an increase in the angle between two bones
Hyperflexion
When a joint is flexed or extended too far
Hyperextension
When a joint is flexed or extended too far
Supination
The act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmer surface is turned upward
Pronation
The act of rotating the limb or body part so that the body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis
Cytology
The study of cells
Protoplasm
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
Cell Membrane
The structure lining the cell that protects the cell’s contents and regulates what goes in and out of cell
Cytoplasm
The gelatinous material located in the cell membrane
Nucleus
The structure in a cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane
Nucleoplasm
The material in the nucleus
Chromosomes
The structures in the nucleus composed of DNA that transmits genetic information
Genetic Disorder
Any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes
Congenital
Something that is present at birth
Anomaly
A deviation from what is regarded as normal
Tissue
A group of cells that are similar in structure and function
Histology
The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Covers internal and external body surfaces and are made of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements
Epithelium
Tissue that covers internal and external body surfaces and are made of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements
Endothelium
Cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs, including blood vessels
Mesothelium
The cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as peritoneum
Connective Tissue
Adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding the body parts together
Adipose
Connective tissue known as fat
Muscle Tissue
Contains cell material with the ability to contract and relax
Nervous Tissue
Contains cells with special ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
Anaplasia
The change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
Alpasia
The lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth or development of an organ, tissue, or a cell
Hyperplasia
Abnormal increase in the number or normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue
Hypoplasia
Incomplete or less than normal development of an organ, tissue, or cell
Neoplasia
Abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal
Tumor
Neoplasm usually form a distinct mass of tissue
Benign
Not recurring
Malignant
Tending to be spread and be life threatening
Atrophy
Decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue, or cell
Dystrophy
Defective growth in the size of an organ, tissue, or cell
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
Glands
Groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
Exocrine Glands
Groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ
Endocrine Glands
Groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream
Organ
Part of the body that performs a special function or functions
Bicornuate Uterus
A uterus with two horns
Unilateral
Pertaining to one side
Bilateral
Pertaining to two sides
