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SPHP 126 > chapter 3 vocab words > Flashcards

chapter 3 vocab words Flashcards

1
Q

free variations

A

when they can be exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context without affecting the word

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2
Q

complementary distribution

A

they cannot be exchanged for one another in specific phonetic contects

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3
Q

coarticulation

A

results in an allophonic variation of the same sound

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4
Q

phonotactic rules

A

specify what combinations of sound are possible or common in specific languages

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5
Q

consonants

A

phonemes produced by some narrowing or closing of the vocal tract

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6
Q

clusters

A

consonants produced in side-by-side combination

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7
Q

prevocalic

A

before-vowel consonant clusters;

EX: TRee, BReak, STReet

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8
Q

postvocalic

A

after-vowel consonant cluster

EX: paRK, beST, heLP

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9
Q

vowels

A

produced with relatively open vocal tract

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10
Q

open

A

Syllable that ends in a vowel or diphthong

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11
Q

closed

A

ends in a consonant

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12
Q

manner of articulation

A

indicates How the airstream that passes through the vocal tract is modified to form a consonant

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13
Q

place of articulation

A

indicated WHERE along the vocal tract a constriction is formed to produce consonant

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14
Q

Voice

A

indicated WHETHER the vocal folds are vibrating during the consonants production

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15
Q

liquids

A

sounds similar to glides and are often described as semivowels

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16
Q

lateral

A

(I) during its production the lateral, midsection part of the toungue is open, and air is thus directed through the sides of the tounge

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17
Q

rhotic

A

(r)

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18
Q

retroflex

A

/r/ made by curling tongue tipback

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19
Q

bunched or humped

A

made by bunching and elevating the blade portion of the tongue /r/

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20
Q

bilabial

A

b,p,m,w,

sounds produced by pressing the two lips together

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21
Q

labiodental

A

f,v

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22
Q

interdental (lingua dental)

A

made by protruding the tip of the tongue slightly between the cutting edges of the upper and lower front teeth

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23
Q

pressure consonants

A

stops and fricatives

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24
Q

voicing

A

vibration of the vocal folds in the production of sounds

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25
Q

voiced sounds

A

vocal folds are vibrating

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26
Q

voiceless sounds

A

absence of vocal fold vibration

27
Q

cognate pairs

A

sounds are identical in their manner of production and place of articulation and differ only in voicing

28
Q

vowel quadrant

A

defines the four extreme points of vowel production: high , low, front, back.
/i/ /u/ /ae/ /a/

29
Q

shape of pharynx

A

the front top back dimension of the position of the tongue has a direct effect

30
Q

rounded

A

vowels produced with lips somewhat protruded

31
Q

unrounded

A

vowels produced with lips more neutral or retracted position

32
Q

Tense

A

Vowels are longer in duration and are produced with a higher degree of muscular tension

33
Q

lax

A

shorter and require less muscular effort

34
Q

diphthongs

A

sounds that have two places of articulation with gradual change from one place to another during production

35
Q

disorders of articulation

A

covered all the speech sounds found in children

36
Q

phonological disorders

A

manifested by multiple errors that formed various patters with lost phonemic contrast and much reduced intelligibility and where presumably due to the operation of phonological process, rules or constraints

37
Q

phonological processes

A

simplification of adult sound productions that presumably affect entire classes of sounds

38
Q

stopping

A

substituting sounds that are within his or her phonetic repertoire for those sounds that he or she has not yet learned to produce

39
Q

phonological error pattern

A

when a natural process becomes clinically significant in a child who is suppose to have “out grown” it

40
Q

doubling

A

total or partial repetition of a syllable of a target word resulting in the creation of a multisyllabic word form

41
Q

consonant sequence reduction

A

“omission of one or more sounds segments from two or more contiguous consonants”

42
Q

cluster simplification

A

highlights omissions or substitutions that in essence simplify the cluster or make it easier to produce

43
Q

marked member

A

sound that is most difficult to produce within a cluster

44
Q

unmarked member

A

sound that is theoretically easier to make

45
Q

Assimilation

A

the phenomenon by which one sound changes to resemble another sound, particularly its neighboring sound

46
Q

consonant harmony

A

reference to assimilation process that affect manner of production or place of articulation

47
Q

regressive or anticipatory assimilation

A

if the sound that changes precedes the sound that causes the change

48
Q

progressive assimilation

A

the sound that changes follows the sound that influences

49
Q

linear phonological theories or multilinear theories

A

standard theories that suggest segments are a bundle of independent features or characteristics of a phoneme with no hierarchical organization

50
Q

phonological process

A

simplifications of adult sound production that presumably affect entire classes of sounds

51
Q

non-linear phonological theories

A

challenge the assumption that segmental aspects of a phoneme are simple a bundle of independent and unorganized features that may freely combine with each other

52
Q

faithfulness constraints

A

require a good match between output and input representations

53
Q

marked phonological features

A

(a) Complex (b) Difficult to produce (C) Not natural (d) infrequent in languages (e) Abnormal (f) unpredictable (g) acquired later (h) language specific (I) perceptually weak

54
Q

unmarked phonological features

A

(a) simple (b) easy to produce (c) natural (d) frequently (e) normal (f) predictable (g) acquired earlier by children (h) universal (I) perceptually strong

55
Q

optimal output form

A

incurs the least serious violations of a set of conflicting constraints

56
Q

harmony

A

if constraint violations are a few and violated constraints are lower ranked than constraints that are adhered to

57
Q

metrical theory

A

pays attention to the syllable structures stress patterns and rhythms of speech

58
Q

autosegmental theory

A

to overcome the limitation of the standard generative theory in accounting for prosodic features and tonal languages

59
Q

foot

A

consists of a stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllable

60
Q

feature geometry

A

theory proposes that features of a segment also are hierarchically organized

61
Q

articulator bound

A

features that are entirely due to an action of a single articulator

62
Q

articulator free

A

produced with multiple articulators

63
Q

covert contrasts

A

contrasts inherent to error productions that cannot be heard but may be found on spectrographic traced

64
Q

electropalatography

A

an instrumental assessment of tongue and palatal contacts during speech production

SPHP 126 (3 decks)

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