Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards
“Necessary and proper” clause
Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution.
Nullification
The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state’s opinion, violates the Constitution.
Dual federalism
Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate.
Police power
State power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals.
Initiative
Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly in the ballot.
Referendum
Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislative.
Recall
Procedure whereby voters can removed an elected official from office.
Grants-in-aid
Money given by the national government to the states.
Categorical grants
Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport.
Condition of aid
Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds.
Mandates
Terms set by the national government that state must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.
Waiver
A decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it.
Federalism
Government authority shared by national and local governments.
Sovereignty
Supreme or ultimate political authority: A sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government.
Unitary system
Is one in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government, so that the states and localities are dependent on its will.
