Chapter 3 Understanding Human movement Impairments Flashcards
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Explain the importance that proper posture has on movement.
- Understand and explain common causes of movement dysfunction.
- Understand and explain common human movement system dysfunctions and potential causes for each.
Neuromuscular Efficiency
The ability of the NS to allow agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce and dynamically stabilize the HMS in all 3 planes fo motion
Functional Efficiency
The ability of the NS to recruit correct muscle synergies at the right time, with the appropriate amount of force to perform functional tasks with the least amount of energy & stress on the HMS
Structural Efficiency
The alignment of each of the HMS which allows posture to be balanced in relation to one’s center of gravity.
Posture
The independence &interdependent alignment (static posture) & functional (transitional & dynamic posture) of all components of the HMD at any given moment, controlled by CNS
Cumulative injury cycle
A Cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances
Movement impairment syndromes
Refer to the state in which the structural integrity of the HMS is compromised because the components are out of alignment.
Optimal neuromuscular efficiency
Human movement impairment
Joint Dysfunction
Hypomobility
Altered length-tension relationship
Altered force-couple relationships
Altered movement
Structural and functional inefficiency
Altered reciprocal inhibition
The process whereby a tight muscle (short, overactive, myofascial adhesions) causes decreased neural drive, and therefore optimal recruitment of its functional antagonist.
Synergistic dominance
The process by which a synergist compensates for a prime mover to maintain force production.
Lower extremity movement impairment syndrome
Usually characterized by excessive foot pronation (flat feet), increased knee valgus (tibia internally rotated and femur internally rotated and adducted or knock-kneed), and increased movement at the LPHC (extension or flexion) during functional movements.
Upper extremity movement impairment syndrome.
Usually characterized as having rounded shoulders and a
forward head posture or improper scapulothoracic or glenohumeral kinematics during functional movements.
Static Malalignments (altered length-tension
relationships or altered joint arthrokinematics)
Common static malalignments of the foot and ankle include hyperpronation of the foot ( 9, 20, 51, 52 ), which may result from overactivity of the peroneals and lateral gastrocnemius, under activity of the anterior and posterior tibialis, and decreased joint motion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and talus (decreased posterior glide). It has been reported that there is decreased ankle dorsiflexion after an ankle sprain ( 53, 54 ). It is hypothesized that decreased posterior glide of the talus can decrease dorsiflexion at the ankle