Chapter 3 – The Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Who improved the atmospheric engine with a separate condenser (improved the efficiency)? – May 1765 (answer came to him in a flash of inspiration while he was walking on Glasgow Green) solution was to keep the cylinder above boiling point and have a separate condenser. He finally got it in what year?
James Watt, 1775
Who built the world’s first atmospheric engine beginning the industrial revolution?
Thomas Newcomen
Abraham Darby discovered how to smelt iron using what?
Coke
What became a problem by 1712?
Flooding coal mines
What place has a full size replica of the original 1712 engine?
Black Country Living Museum
Who built the first passenger railroad between Liverpool and Manchester?
George Stephenson
The common engine was also known as what?
Atmospheric engine
The discovery of what (in the 17th century) showed the immense power of atmospheric pressure?
Vacuum
What provides power coming from wind, grinding corn and raising water?
Windmills
Which Greek mathematician devised the first vending machine?
Hero
What is the world’s first steam engine by Hero called?
Aeolipile
Who published Life on the Mississippi (experiences as a paddle steamer pilot)?
Mark Twain
What year had the age of steam transportation begun successfully run by Trevithick?
1804
Stanley Twins (Francis and Freelan) created the first Stanley Steamer – world’s most popular what?
Steam-powered car
Who made the Benz Patent Motorwagen (1885), the first motor vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine?
Karl Benz
Who invented the steam turbine in 1884?
Charles Parson
The steam turbine now generates how much of the world’s electricity?
75%
What controls the speed of the engine?
Centrifugal governer
What converts the up and down motion of the beam?
Flywheel
Where did the fleet run aground in 1707, humiliating the British Navy?
On the Isles of Scilly
The British Navy suffered a humiliating disaster with the loss of how many lives?
1400
How much was offered by British Parliament for a solution to the 1707 problem?
£20,000
John Harrison – Yorkshire clockmaker – invented the chronometer to keep track of the time in the vessel’s home port. The chronometer had how many cherubs and how many crowns?
8 cherubs and 4 crowns
Polynesians and Micronesians colonized a large part of the pacific using what?
Stick charts (early types of maps)
Which Greek astronomer described latitude and longitude for locating a point on Earth’s surface?
Hipparchus
What allowed seafarers to orient themselves and steer a course even in cloudy weathers?
Magnetic compass
What was the first definite reference to a magnetized device for finding south? (became a needle)
Tiny iron fish in a water bowl
Who used a non-magnetic compass (based on the sun’s position)?
The Vikings
When the Vikings thought they were near land, they released what to find the direction of the coast?
Ravens
To navigate the seas, you need to ascertain the direction you are sailing and where you are in terms of what?
Latitude and longitude
What is an instrument to determine the angle of the sun or a particular star in relation to the horizon?
Astrolabe
What tells the exact time at a particular location?
Universal clock
Each hour of disparity on the universal clock is equivalent to how many degrees?
15 degrees
Who used a copy to navigate successfully all around the Pacific and produced maps that were more accurate?
Captain Cook
Which large watch solved the problem of longitude produced by John Harrison?
H4
The H4 took how many years to construct?
4 years
What is used to determine the latitude in the northern hemisphere?
Polaris star
What is used to determine the latitude in the southern hemisphere?
Cross constellation
What proved invaluable for navigating near uninhabited coasts at night, and avoiding collision with other vessels in fog?
Ship bone radar
What was the first navigational system that became available in 1980?
Global Positioning System (GPS)
The universe is made of tiny particles which were what?
Atomos
Atomos means what?
Indivisible atoms
What is the smallest possible particle of an element?
Atoms
Two or more atoms joined together are called what?
A molecule
What is a substance composed of only one kind of atom?
An element
What is a substance composed of two or more elements?
A compound
What is the lightest of all the elements?
Hydrogen
What described elements as substances that could not be broken down?
The Sceptical Chymist (a book)
Who believed in atomism and taught that Allah created every particle of matter?
Al Ashari
Who is Al Ashari’s known disciple?
Al Ghazali
Who said that atoms are the only things that continue to exist; everything else is accidental and fleeting?
Al Ghazali
Who wrote color blindness which was known as Daltonism?
John Dalton
Dalton said all elements are made up of indivisible atoms which cannot be?
Destroyed or divided
What is known as fixed air?
Carbon dioxide
What said equal volumes of different gases contain equal number of molecules? (6.022145 x 10 to the 23rd power)
Avogadro’s number
Dmitri Mendeleev constructed what?
The periodic table
What became the foundation of all the chemistry of the elements?
The periodic table
Who believed substances could be understood in terms of matter and form and the theory of the five elements – fire, earth, water, air, and ether?
Aristotle
Who discovered electrons and isotopes?
JJ Thomson
What is not crystalline and has no regular repeating pattern to the position of the atoms because they are not arranged in an organized way?
Amorphous solid
What is an example of an amorphous solid?
Glass
What is one of the only two liquid elements (bromine being the other one) and the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?
Mercury
What is the change from one state to another called?
Phase transition
Pure water freezes at what temperature? (fahrenheit and celsius)
32 degrees F and 0 degrees C
What is the amount of heat required to change the state without changing the temperature called?
Latent heat
What is the phase transition that occurs directly from a solid to a gas?
Sublimation
What is an example of an object that undergoes sublimation?
Dry ice
Who discovered the fourth state of matter by means of experiment of gases?
William Crookes
William Crookes called the fourth state of matter radiant matter but it was later renamed what by Irving Langmuir?
Plasma
Plasma is the most abundant state of matter in the universe. It resembles gas but reacts strongly to what?
Magnetic fields
What is highly malleable where atoms can slide past one another?
Metals
What measures the ability of one solid to scratch?
Mohs hardness
What is ductile and can be stretched almost indefinitely, yet when cold it is brittle?
Glass
What is the liquid resistance to stress called? (The more viscous a fluid, the less easily it flows.)
Viscosity
What has very low viscosity while in olive oil it is higher?
Water
What is the characteristic of a solid to change shape without recovering called?
Plasticity
What is the capacity of a solid to change shape and recover called?
Elasticity
What is the ability of a plastic solid to be reshaped without breaking called?
Malleability
What is the capacity of a plastic solid to stretch without breaking called?
Ductility
What is the tendency of a liquid to resist flow called?
Viscosity
What is it called when water molecules at the surface are under tension, being pulled inward by their neighbors?
Surface tension
What is very malleable and can be hammered without breaking?
Gold
What dissolves a solute?
Solvent
What is described as the “fifth state of matter” and has properties of both gases and liquids? (They are formed when gases are compressed and heated.)
Super critical fluids
What is known as a water thief and determined how long a defendant could speak in court?
Klepshydra
What was a diving chamber used to breath underwater called?
Diving bells
What are hydraulically raised platforms used to repair and maintain street lights and overhead cables called?
Cherry pickers
Who was the first to apply the principle of hydraulics? (He injured his legs when young and patented an improved water closet.)
Joseph Bramah
What works in reverse? (If the smaller piston is removed and pushed down hard on the larger one, liquid squirts out of the smaller cylinder at great speed.)
Hydraulics
What is an example of hydraulics?
Syringe and water pistol
What is the most common method of mining in Southeast Asia, breaking up ore with high pressure jets of water?
Gravel pumping
Who said that everything is made up of four elements – earth, fire, water, and air – and proved that air is nothing?
Empedocles
What is Greek for inflammable – which was released as they burned – metals gained weight when burned?
Phlogiston
Who discovered gas which Anton Lavoisier called oxygen?
Joseph Priestly
Who found that heating coal without air produces “wild spirit” which he described as gas?
Jan Baptista
What did Henry Cavendish discover?
Hydrogen
Pierre Jansen discovered a new element which Norman Lockyer called what?
Helium
What is the second most abundant element in the universe?
Helium
Who is the father of quantitative chemistry?
Joseph Black
What is the process that turns fruit juice into wine?
Fermentation
Who recognized the intoxicating component of wine?
Geber
What is the foundation of our food, fuel, and bodies?
Carbon
What is known as salicylic acid?
Aspirin
What is the most abundant organic molecule on earth and makes up all the cell walls of all plants?
Cellulose
What is the first plastic that retained its shape after being heated?
Bakelight
What is it called when the sperm and egg fuse?
Fertilization
What is the process of cellular division?
Meiosis
Who demonstrated the sexuality of plants through stamen?
Rudolf Camerarius
What are the seeds within receptacles called?
Angiosperm
What is a naked seed called?
Gymnosperm
What are fertilized male and female gametes called?
Zygote
What contains capsule called ovules?
Ovary
Who discovered that pollen is transferred by wind or insect to the stigma and fertilization begins?
Christian Sprengel
What is the study of pollen grains called?
Polynology
What is the use of brush to pollinate called? (It’s where pollination are inadequate or to control the parentage or genetic of seeds.)
Hand pollination
Who grew plants in water and concluded that soli merely supported plants and water alone contribute to growth?
Francis Bacon
Who classified that the basic requirements for photosynthesis are light, water, and carbon dioxide?
Jan Ingenhousz
Nicolas Theodore revealed the role of the green pigment called what? (It happens to be in chloroplast in harnessing the energy of the sun.)
Chlorophyll
Translocation is the movement of what through a plant?
Food
What is the formation of glucose from carbon dioxide? (Melvin Calvin received Nobel prize for this.)
Calvin cycle
What increases the rate of photosynthesis by producing carbon dioxide and heat?
Paraffin lamps
What chemical controls the growth of plants?
Auxin
Edward Jenner transferred blister fluid from the milkmaid to both arms of James Phipps, eight year old son of his gardener which became the world’s first what?
Vaccination
What was made from cowpox blister from Gloucester cow called Blossom?
The world’s first vaccination
What is fossilized tree resin? (It is elektron in Greek.)
Amber
Who proved that lightning bolts are just huge electrical sparks?
Benjamin Franklin
Doubling the distance between objects, who reduced the force to one quarter of its original magnitude?
Coulomb
Who discovered the electron?
JJ Thomson
Who founded the first public library in Philadelphia?
Benjamin Franklin
Who was famous for flying a kite during a thunderstorm?
Benjamin Franklin
What did Benjamin Franklin become to save money for the purchase of more books?
A vegetarian
Benjamin Franklin is known as what?
The Founding Father of the USA
What was Benjamin Franklin’s most valuable invention?
The lightning rod
Alessandro Volta made the first battery. What was it called?
Voltaic pile
What is the standard unit of electrical potential named after Alessandro Volta?
Volt
What is a pile of metal disk that drives the electric current?
Electromotive force
What is the unit of electromotive force (emf)?
Volt
The greater the emf, the _______ the current
Greater
What is the unit of current used to measure the rate of flow around a circuit?
AMP
What is the unit of electrical resistance within a circuit called?
OHM
The greater the resistance, the _______ the current.
Lower
What is it called when the current flows back and forth?
Alternating current (ac)
What is it called when the current flows in one direction
Direct current (dc)
What is the voltage of battery that is shared between both bulbs called?
Series circuit
What is it called when the bulb receives the full voltage of the battery and shines more brightly than in the series circuit?
Parallel circuit
Electric current can drive chemical reactions. It can make chemicals split apart in what process?
Electrolysis
Who was the first man-made source of electric current?
Alessandro Volta
Ampere intensified the forces by winding wire into coils called…
Solenoids
What is an apparatus that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy called?
Electric motor
What drives the hands of quartz wristwatches on a battery?
Stepper motor
