Chapter 3 – The Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Who improved the atmospheric engine with a separate condenser (improved the efficiency)? – May 1765 (answer came to him in a flash of inspiration while he was walking on Glasgow Green) solution was to keep the cylinder above boiling point and have a separate condenser. He finally got it in what year?
James Watt, 1775
Who built the world’s first atmospheric engine beginning the industrial revolution?
Thomas Newcomen
Abraham Darby discovered how to smelt iron using what?
Coke
What became a problem by 1712?
Flooding coal mines
What place has a full size replica of the original 1712 engine?
Black Country Living Museum
Who built the first passenger railroad between Liverpool and Manchester?
George Stephenson
The common engine was also known as what?
Atmospheric engine
The discovery of what (in the 17th century) showed the immense power of atmospheric pressure?
Vacuum
What provides power coming from wind, grinding corn and raising water?
Windmills
Which Greek mathematician devised the first vending machine?
Hero
What is the world’s first steam engine by Hero called?
Aeolipile
Who published Life on the Mississippi (experiences as a paddle steamer pilot)?
Mark Twain
What year had the age of steam transportation begun successfully run by Trevithick?
1804
Stanley Twins (Francis and Freelan) created the first Stanley Steamer – world’s most popular what?
Steam-powered car
Who made the Benz Patent Motorwagen (1885), the first motor vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine?
Karl Benz
Who invented the steam turbine in 1884?
Charles Parson
The steam turbine now generates how much of the world’s electricity?
75%
What controls the speed of the engine?
Centrifugal governer
What converts the up and down motion of the beam?
Flywheel
Where did the fleet run aground in 1707, humiliating the British Navy?
On the Isles of Scilly
The British Navy suffered a humiliating disaster with the loss of how many lives?
1400
How much was offered by British Parliament for a solution to the 1707 problem?
£20,000
John Harrison – Yorkshire clockmaker – invented the chronometer to keep track of the time in the vessel’s home port. The chronometer had how many cherubs and how many crowns?
8 cherubs and 4 crowns
Polynesians and Micronesians colonized a large part of the pacific using what?
Stick charts (early types of maps)
Which Greek astronomer described latitude and longitude for locating a point on Earth’s surface?
Hipparchus
What allowed seafarers to orient themselves and steer a course even in cloudy weathers?
Magnetic compass
What was the first definite reference to a magnetized device for finding south? (became a needle)
Tiny iron fish in a water bowl
Who used a non-magnetic compass (based on the sun’s position)?
The Vikings
When the Vikings thought they were near land, they released what to find the direction of the coast?
Ravens
To navigate the seas, you need to ascertain the direction you are sailing and where you are in terms of what?
Latitude and longitude
What is an instrument to determine the angle of the sun or a particular star in relation to the horizon?
Astrolabe
What tells the exact time at a particular location?
Universal clock
Each hour of disparity on the universal clock is equivalent to how many degrees?
15 degrees
Who used a copy to navigate successfully all around the Pacific and produced maps that were more accurate?
Captain Cook
Which large watch solved the problem of longitude produced by John Harrison?
H4
The H4 took how many years to construct?
4 years
What is used to determine the latitude in the northern hemisphere?
Polaris star
What is used to determine the latitude in the southern hemisphere?
Cross constellation
What proved invaluable for navigating near uninhabited coasts at night, and avoiding collision with other vessels in fog?
Ship bone radar
What was the first navigational system that became available in 1980?
Global Positioning System (GPS)
The universe is made of tiny particles which were what?
Atomos
Atomos means what?
Indivisible atoms
What is the smallest possible particle of an element?
Atoms
Two or more atoms joined together are called what?
A molecule
What is a substance composed of only one kind of atom?
An element
What is a substance composed of two or more elements?
A compound
What is the lightest of all the elements?
Hydrogen
What described elements as substances that could not be broken down?
The Sceptical Chymist (a book)
Who believed in atomism and taught that Allah created every particle of matter?
Al Ashari
Who is Al Ashari’s known disciple?
Al Ghazali
Who said that atoms are the only things that continue to exist; everything else is accidental and fleeting?
Al Ghazali
Who wrote color blindness which was known as Daltonism?
John Dalton
Dalton said all elements are made up of indivisible atoms which cannot be?
Destroyed or divided
What is known as fixed air?
Carbon dioxide
What said equal volumes of different gases contain equal number of molecules? (6.022145 x 10 to the 23rd power)
Avogadro’s number
Dmitri Mendeleev constructed what?
The periodic table
What became the foundation of all the chemistry of the elements?
The periodic table
Who believed substances could be understood in terms of matter and form and the theory of the five elements – fire, earth, water, air, and ether?
Aristotle
Who discovered electrons and isotopes?
JJ Thomson
What is not crystalline and has no regular repeating pattern to the position of the atoms because they are not arranged in an organized way?
Amorphous solid
What is an example of an amorphous solid?
Glass
What is one of the only two liquid elements (bromine being the other one) and the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?
Mercury
What is the change from one state to another called?
Phase transition
Pure water freezes at what temperature? (fahrenheit and celsius)
32 degrees F and 0 degrees C
What is the amount of heat required to change the state without changing the temperature called?
Latent heat
What is the phase transition that occurs directly from a solid to a gas?
Sublimation
What is an example of an object that undergoes sublimation?
Dry ice
Who discovered the fourth state of matter by means of experiment of gases?
William Crookes
William Crookes called the fourth state of matter radiant matter but it was later renamed what by Irving Langmuir?
Plasma
Plasma is the most abundant state of matter in the universe. It resembles gas but reacts strongly to what?
Magnetic fields
What is highly malleable where atoms can slide past one another?
Metals
What measures the ability of one solid to scratch?
Mohs hardness
What is ductile and can be stretched almost indefinitely, yet when cold it is brittle?
Glass
What is the liquid resistance to stress called? (The more viscous a fluid, the less easily it flows.)
Viscosity
What has very low viscosity while in olive oil it is higher?
Water
What is the characteristic of a solid to change shape without recovering called?
Plasticity
What is the capacity of a solid to change shape and recover called?
Elasticity
What is the ability of a plastic solid to be reshaped without breaking called?
Malleability
What is the capacity of a plastic solid to stretch without breaking called?
Ductility
What is the tendency of a liquid to resist flow called?
Viscosity
What is it called when water molecules at the surface are under tension, being pulled inward by their neighbors?
Surface tension
What is very malleable and can be hammered without breaking?
Gold
What dissolves a solute?
Solvent
What is described as the “fifth state of matter” and has properties of both gases and liquids? (They are formed when gases are compressed and heated.)
Super critical fluids
What is known as a water thief and determined how long a defendant could speak in court?
Klepshydra
What was a diving chamber used to breath underwater called?
Diving bells
What are hydraulically raised platforms used to repair and maintain street lights and overhead cables called?
Cherry pickers
Who was the first to apply the principle of hydraulics? (He injured his legs when young and patented an improved water closet.)
Joseph Bramah
What works in reverse? (If the smaller piston is removed and pushed down hard on the larger one, liquid squirts out of the smaller cylinder at great speed.)
Hydraulics
What is an example of hydraulics?
Syringe and water pistol
What is the most common method of mining in Southeast Asia, breaking up ore with high pressure jets of water?
Gravel pumping
Who said that everything is made up of four elements – earth, fire, water, and air – and proved that air is nothing?
Empedocles
What is Greek for inflammable – which was released as they burned – metals gained weight when burned?
Phlogiston
Who discovered gas which Anton Lavoisier called oxygen?
Joseph Priestly
Who found that heating coal without air produces “wild spirit” which he described as gas?
Jan Baptista
What did Henry Cavendish discover?
Hydrogen
Pierre Jansen discovered a new element which Norman Lockyer called what?
Helium
What is the second most abundant element in the universe?
Helium
Who is the father of quantitative chemistry?
Joseph Black
What is the process that turns fruit juice into wine?
Fermentation
Who recognized the intoxicating component of wine?
Geber
What is the foundation of our food, fuel, and bodies?
Carbon
What is known as salicylic acid?
Aspirin
What is the most abundant organic molecule on earth and makes up all the cell walls of all plants?
Cellulose
What is the first plastic that retained its shape after being heated?
Bakelight
What is it called when the sperm and egg fuse?
Fertilization
What is the process of cellular division?
Meiosis
Who demonstrated the sexuality of plants through stamen?
Rudolf Camerarius
What are the seeds within receptacles called?
Angiosperm
What is a naked seed called?
Gymnosperm
What are fertilized male and female gametes called?
Zygote
What contains capsule called ovules?
Ovary
Who discovered that pollen is transferred by wind or insect to the stigma and fertilization begins?
Christian Sprengel
What is the study of pollen grains called?
Polynology
What is the use of brush to pollinate called? (It’s where pollination are inadequate or to control the parentage or genetic of seeds.)
Hand pollination
Who grew plants in water and concluded that soli merely supported plants and water alone contribute to growth?
Francis Bacon
Who classified that the basic requirements for photosynthesis are light, water, and carbon dioxide?
Jan Ingenhousz
Nicolas Theodore revealed the role of the green pigment called what? (It happens to be in chloroplast in harnessing the energy of the sun.)
Chlorophyll
Translocation is the movement of what through a plant?
Food
What is the formation of glucose from carbon dioxide? (Melvin Calvin received Nobel prize for this.)
Calvin cycle
What increases the rate of photosynthesis by producing carbon dioxide and heat?
Paraffin lamps
What chemical controls the growth of plants?
Auxin
Edward Jenner transferred blister fluid from the milkmaid to both arms of James Phipps, eight year old son of his gardener which became the world’s first what?
Vaccination
What was made from cowpox blister from Gloucester cow called Blossom?
The world’s first vaccination
What is fossilized tree resin? (It is elektron in Greek.)
Amber
Who proved that lightning bolts are just huge electrical sparks?
Benjamin Franklin
Doubling the distance between objects, who reduced the force to one quarter of its original magnitude?
Coulomb
Who discovered the electron?
JJ Thomson
Who founded the first public library in Philadelphia?
Benjamin Franklin
Who was famous for flying a kite during a thunderstorm?
Benjamin Franklin
What did Benjamin Franklin become to save money for the purchase of more books?
A vegetarian
Benjamin Franklin is known as what?
The Founding Father of the USA
What was Benjamin Franklin’s most valuable invention?
The lightning rod
Alessandro Volta made the first battery. What was it called?
Voltaic pile
What is the standard unit of electrical potential named after Alessandro Volta?
Volt
What is a pile of metal disk that drives the electric current?
Electromotive force
What is the unit of electromotive force (emf)?
Volt
The greater the emf, the _______ the current
Greater
What is the unit of current used to measure the rate of flow around a circuit?
AMP
What is the unit of electrical resistance within a circuit called?
OHM
The greater the resistance, the _______ the current.
Lower
What is it called when the current flows back and forth?
Alternating current (ac)
What is it called when the current flows in one direction
Direct current (dc)
What is the voltage of battery that is shared between both bulbs called?
Series circuit
What is it called when the bulb receives the full voltage of the battery and shines more brightly than in the series circuit?
Parallel circuit
Electric current can drive chemical reactions. It can make chemicals split apart in what process?
Electrolysis
Who was the first man-made source of electric current?
Alessandro Volta
Ampere intensified the forces by winding wire into coils called…
Solenoids
What is an apparatus that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy called?
Electric motor
What drives the hands of quartz wristwatches on a battery?
Stepper motor
Who discovered Michael Faraday?
Humphry Davy
Who had the extraordinary ability to visualize things? (He made the world’s first electric motor.)
Michael Faraday
What is the basis of transformers and dynamos?
Electromagnetic induction
What is the title of one of Michael Faraday’s best known Christmas lectures?
The Chemical History of a Candle
What was known as the precision engineering?
Henry Maudslay
The first automatic calculator was known as what?
The Difference Engine
Who created the Difference Engine?
Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage improved the Difference Engine and called it what?
The Difference Engine 2 OR Analytical Engine
The Fundamental Law of Physics states what about energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be converted from one form to another.
What is the capacity for doing work called?
Energy
What is the most versatile form of energy?
Electricity
What process converts light energy from the sun into carbohydrates? This has what kind of energy?
Photosynthesis, potential energy
Windmills and water wheels have converted what?
Potential energy to kinetic energy
Any moving object has what type of energy?
Kinetic energy
What is another unit of energy named after James Joule?
Joule
Who introduced the idea of a fluid named caloric which flowed into cold things that they touched?
Antoine Lavoisier
Anyone lying on the beach can feel what from the sun?
Radiant heat
What is the movement of air or other fluids caused by heat called?
Convection
What is the boiling point of water?
212 degrees F / 99 degrees C
Who showed that there is an absolute zero of temperature at -273 K and boiling point at 373 K?
Lord Kevin
What describes the ability to do work or to make things move?
Motive power
What states that the hotter something is, the more vigorously its atoms and molecules move?
Dynamic theory of heat
What is the fourth law of thermodynamics, stating that it two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they will also be in thermal equilibrium with each other?
Zeroth law
What refers to unusable energy?
Entropy
What is the temperature at which all motion would cease? What is it’s value?
Absolute zero, –459.67 degrees F or –273.15 degrees C
What is the device that can move heat from a cold place to a hot one?
Heat pump
Who described a sun-centered planetary system, that the earth was at the center of the universe?
Nicolas Copernicus
Who provided proof of the heliocentric view using telescopic observations?
Galileo Galilei
What was discovered by William Herschel? In what year?
Uranus, March 13, 1781
What was discovered by Johann Galle?
Neptune
What has the largest, fastest spinner? (It rotates in less than 10 hours.)
Jupiter
What are rocky objects that are the precursor of planets called?
Planetesimals
Who studied the path of long period comets?
Ernst Opik
What is the reservoir of comets beyond Neptune called?
Opik – Oort
What is the study of rocks called?
Petrology
Who is the father of modern geology?
James Hutton
What has been altered by heat? Where can it be found? Examples?
Metamorphic rocks, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, gneiss, schist, marble
What is the process whereby solid matter is deposited from air, water, or glacial ice?
Sedimentation
What formed from cooling and crystallization of magma from volcano such as Arenal in Costa Rica – one of the most active in the world? Examples?
Igneous rocks, granite, basalt
What formed from compaction of sediments? Examples?
Sedimentary rocks, sandstone, shale, limestone
What is crude oil or petroleum called?
Hydrocarbon chemicals
What is the study of fossils called?
Paleontology
What is the identification of particular rock layers of different ages called?
Stratigraphy
What is a fossilized bird called?
Archaeopteryx
What is a flying reptile called?
Pterosaur
What is a gigantic plant-eating dinosaur called?
Diplodocus
What means ancient feather?
Archaeopteryx
What marks the midway stage between birds and reptiles?
Archaeopteryx
A rock found in the Lunar Highlands was brought back to earth by the what?
Apollo 17 astronauts
Oldest moon rock is how many years old?
4.5 billion years old
What is 4.5 billion years old?
The oldest moon rock
What is the oldest known object?
Zircon crystal
What contains a remarkable sequence of rock layer? Where is it located?
The Grand Canyon, Arizona
The breaking down of rocks by physical or mechanical means is known as…
Weathering
What is the carrying away of the loosened material by wind, water, glacier, and landslides called?
Erosion
What is the process where solid matter is deposited from air, water, or glacial ice?
Deposition
What is a region where a river has deposited its load of sand and silt on meeting the sea?
Delta
What occurs where water flows with least energy?
Deposition
What is the earliest known census?
Ancient Babylonian times
What is the best known census in the Middle Ages?
The Domesday Book
Who kept record of troop deaths and later used the information to create coxcomb?
Florence Nightingale
What is the study of rock layers called?
Stratigraphy
Alfred Russel Wallace is the father of…
Biogeography
Who said, “It is not the strongest species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change.”?
Charles Darwin
What if the fusion of evolutionary and genetic ideas called?
Neo-Darwinism
Who came up with the theory of the continental drift?
Alfred Wegener
Charles Darwin came up with the theory of evolution and wrote a famous book titled…
On the Origin of Species
Charles Darwin’s daughter, Annie, died of what?
Scarlet fever
In the 18th century, German botanists Christian Sprengel and Joseph Kolreuter established the role of what?
Pollination in plant breeding
What identified that characteristics of plants passed down in fixed proportion like color of the flower?
Gregor Mendel
What is an allele?
Gene variety
Who showed that DNA was a double helix molecule?
Geneticists James Watson and Francis Crick, 1953
Later studies of DNA showed that the structure of DNA was the key to carrying what?
Genetic information
Who explained the nature and cause of wind?
Greek philosopher Anaximander
Anaximander described the nature and cause of wind as…
A “flow of air, occurring when its finest elements are set in motion by the Sun”
What is the rotation of the Earth?
West to East
What do you call the effect that describes the observed deflection to the west for air moving toward the equator, and to the east for air moving away from the equator?
Coriolis effect
Where does warm air rise, move toward the pole, cool, then fall?
In the polar cell, specifically in polar regions
Where does air rise about 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S, move toward the equator, cool, and then fall around 30 degrees N and S?
In a ferrel cell
Where does hot air rise, producing a belt of pressure?
Intertropical convergence zone
What creates/has low pressure?
Cyclones or depression
What creates/has high pressure?
Anticyclones
Where does air move in a clockwise fashion?
Northern hemisphere
Where does air move in a counterclockwise fashion?
Southern Hemisphere
Leonardo da Vinci created the…
Crude hygrometer to measure humidity and basic anemometer to measure wind speed
Who developed the mercury thermometer?
Daniel Fahrenheit
Who improved the hygrometer and mercury barometer?
Anders Celsius
What does a barometer do?
Measure atmospheric pressure
What has been associated with the heavy downpours of rain?
Cumulonimbus clouds
What did Francis Galton do?
Describe anticyclones, author “Meteorographica”, and publish the first newspaper weather map in The Times
What were first used to collect data from parts of the atmosphere for above ground?
Sounding balloons
What was the world’s first weather satellite?
Tiros 1
What does Tiros stand for?
Television Infrared Observation Satellite
Tiros 1 was launched in what year?
1960
Who discovered hydrogen?
Henry Cavendish
What did Henry Cavendish call hydrogen?
Inflammable air
What is the rocky crust mantle part of earth called?
Lithosphere
What are the watery parts of earth called?
Hydrosphere
What are the living organisms of earth called?
Biosphere
The earth’s atmosphere has how much nitrogen and how much oxygen?
78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen
What is the coldest part of Earth’s atmosphere called?
Mesosphere
What is the temperature of earth’s mesosphere?
–130 degrees F or –90 degrees C
Where do most meteors burn?
Mesosphere
All weather occurs in what layer of the earth?
Troposphere
What is the boundary above which the air is too thin for aeronautical purposes called?
Kármán line
What destroys the earth’s ozone layer, resulting to increased ultraviolet radiation at the surface?
Chlorofluorocarbons
A seasonal ozone hole was detected where?
Above Antarctica
When was the seasonal ozone hole above Antarctica detected?
1980s
Who was the first person to state that tides are linked to the moon?
Seleucus
Who suggested that parts of the Earth’s crust had collapsed, creating the ocean basins?
René Descartes
The Gulf Stream was first studied and mapped by who?
Benjamin Franklin
What is the lowest point in the oceans or deepest sea trench?
The Mariana Trench on the west pacific
Who is the father of oceanography?
Matthew Maury
Who was the first superintendent of the US Naval Observatory?
Matthew Maury
Who published the Physical Geography of the Sea?
Matthew Maury
What is the estimated amount of life on Earth that live in the ocean?
50-80%
What type of technology uses sound waves to measure distances and locate objects underwater?
Sonars
What is a sonar?
An acronym for sound navigation and ranging
What is the smallest living thing that is the building block of life?
Cell
What consists of a single, independent cell which carries out all living processes?
Bacteria
Who coined the word cell to describe the microscopic structures he saw in cork bark?
Robert Hooke
What is the structure inside a cell that generates the cell’s energy called?
Mitochondrion
What are a pair of structures essential to cell division called?
Centrioles
What contains the cell’s genetic information and directs the cell’s activity?
Nucleus
What is the fluid between the nucleus and the cell membrane called?
Cytoplasm
What us the site of the many chemical processes such as the build up of stored food called?
Cytoplasm
What is the site where the cell makes protein called?
Ribosome
What is the outer layer through which substances enter and leave the cell called?
Cell membrane
What are enzymes for breaking down worn out parts of the cell called?
Lysosomes
Where are viruses contained in the cell?
Lysosomes
What type of cell has a nucleus to control all its activities?
A eukaryote cell
Which biologist believed in cell theory?
Theodor Schwann
What is the cell theory?
That all organisms are made up of cell products
What are structures inside a cell called?
Organelles
What is the diffusion of water molecules called?
Osmosis
What were exactly two oil molecules thick?
Cell membrane
What is the site of the food producing reactions of photosynthesis called?
Chloroplast
What is the rigid layer of cellulose that supports the cell called?
Cell wall
The first stage of the digestive system takes place where?
In the stomach
What can expand to hold 1 3/4 – 2 1/2 (1 – 1.5 liters) of food at any one time?
Muscles in the stomach
What is highly acidic to kill pathogens?
Gastric juice in the stomach
What converts inactive pepsinogen into pepsin, which digest protein?
Gastric glands
What is the first part of the small intestine, where the food enters?
Duodenum
What delivers bile from the liver and complex secretion from the pancreas, enabling many digestive processes to take place here?
Ducts
What is filled with blood capillaries, lining in the small intestine which provide a big area for the absorption of soluble products?
Villi
What consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum final absorption?
Large intestine
What carries blood to the intestines?
Artery branches
What carries nutrient-rich blood away from the intestines?
Vein branches
What releases bile from the liver?
Bile duct
What is a muscular tube that runs through the body?
Gut
What process pulverizes food, producing a nutrient-rich liquid?
Churning
What changes starch into sugar?
Diastase or amylase
What is the stomach lining that has the same sort of effect on protein called?
Enzymes
What is the biggest gland of the digestive system?
Pancreas
What is the intestine wall that releases enzymes that help the digestion of protein and sugars called?
Crypts of Lienberkuhn
The gut of plant eating cattle has how many chambers?
Four
One of the four chambers in the gut of plant eating cattleman called…
Rumen
Describe rumen.
It releases an enzyme that can break down the tough cellulose of plant cell walls
On average, how long does the digestive process take?
12–20 hours — 1–2 hours in he stomach, 1–5 hours in the small intestine, and at least 12 hours in the large intestine
Bacteria in the large intestine makes what?
Vitamin K
What results from imbalance?
Malnutrition
Who is the father of nutrition?
Antoine Lavoisier
Who devised the calorimeter?
Antoine Lavoisier
Who measured the amount of heat given by a small animal?
Antoine Lavoisier
What are the fats and oils the provide energy called?
Lipids
Explain the process nutrients go through.
They are first digested in the gut and supplied to cells in the simplest forms
What contains all the appropriate nutrients from the different food in amounts that maintain good health for the body?
Balanced diet
Bananas are rich in what?
Antioxidants and potassium which help lower blood pressure
What contains cancer fighting properties?
Broccoli
What contains cancer-reducing antioxidants and prevent urinary tract infection?
Cranberries
What contains Omega 3 fatty acids which prevents depression and heart disease?
Salmon
What is the site of simple processing of information?
Spinal cords
What are long nerve fibers called?
Axons
What is the main nerve fiber that carries nerve impulses away from the body called?
Axons
What is a minute gap between the nerve fibers of adjacent neurons called?
Synapse (synaptic gap)
What is the layer of fatty materials that insulate the electrical charges?
Myelin Sheath
What carries nerve impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
What is used to treat Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine precursor
What is the body protection against mechanical damage called?
Cranium (skull)
What cushions the brain and provides food and oxygen to cells while removing waste?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What are the two layers that compose cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex and paler
Cerebral cortex is also known as…
Gray matter (better processing information)
Paler is also known as…
White matter
What maintains balance and coordinates movements?
The cerebellum
What controls many regulatory functions of the body?
Hypothalamus
What processes sensory information on its way to other parts of the brain and is linked with sleep and possibly consciousness?
Thalamus
What is the brain stem that controls vital unconscious activities such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing called?
Medulla oblongata
What runs through the vertebral column?
Spinal cord
What are neurons?
Nerve cells
How much of the brain cells are neurons?
10%
Brain cells are composed of what?
Neurons and glial cells
What is the purpose of glial cells?
To supply nutrients to neurons and defend them from infection
What allow the brain to be studied without opening it up?
PET and EEG
What does PET stand for?
Position Emission Topography
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalography
What does a PET do?
Diagnose brain disorder, dementia, and tumors
What does an EEG do?
Measure electrical activity using electrodes
What describes how muscles contracted as fluid flowed into them from nerves? Who founded this theory?
Balloonist theory, Galen
What is the tough fiber that connects the muscles to the bone called?
Tendon
What do you call the blood vessel that bring oxygenated blood to the muscles, bones, and joints?
Artery
What do you call the blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs?
Vein
What is the protective bone of the knee joint called?
Patella (kneecap)
What do you call the fibrous tissue encapsulating the synovial joint and connecting bones?
Ligament
What allows one bone to rotate around another?
The neck joint AKA pivot joint
What allows movement in one place?
Elbow joint AKA hinge joint
What allows sliding movements?
Ankle AKA gliding joint
What allows movements in many directions?
Shoulder joint AKA ball and socket joint
What allows back and forth and side to side movements?
Thumb joint AKA saddle joint
What can be flexed and moved from side to side?
Wrist AKA ellipsoidal joint
What do you call the interaction of two muscle proteins that cause contraction?
Myosin
What restricts growth causing it to be periodically molted?
Exoskeleton
Who was the first scientist to perform artificial insemination?
Lazaro Spallanzani
What was the first artificial insemination performed on?
A dog
Who discovered blood circulation?
William Harvey
Who made the first microscope observation of sperm?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek and Nicolas Hartsoeker
What are the tiny human beings inside sperm heads called?
Homunculi
What helps nourish the egg when it is in the ovary?
Follicle cell
The sperm head contains…
23 paternal chromosomes
The egg cell contains…
23 maternal chromosomes
What takes place in the upper third of the Fallopian tube to form a zygote?
Fertilization
What does all human life start with?
A fertilized egg
What do you call the fusion of male and female gametes?
Fertilization
What is the male gamete? What is the female gamete?
Sperm, egg
Fertilization produces a single cell called…
Zygote
What do you call it when the embryo is still a ball of cells with a protective coat and leaves the fallopian tube to the uterus 3-4 days after fertilization?
Morula stage
What type of technology uses high frequency sound waves to give a three dimensional image twelve weeks into pregnancy?
Ultrasound scan
What was first achieved in a hamster?
Mammalian in vitro (literally “in glass”) fertilization (IVF)
