Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Chapter 3 The Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 3 The Immune System Flashcards

The immune system chapter three sections 1-6

1
Q

other names for nonspecific immune system

A

non-adaptive

innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Innate immunity

A

1st and 2nd line of defense
provides rapid response to invaders
generalized response using limited number of recognition specificity (non specific attacks all invaders)
response does not improve during response or if 2nd exposure to pathogen occurs (response remains constant and the same)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2nd line of defense:

A

phagocytosis inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1 line of defense:

A

barriers and chemicals of skin and mucus membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Other names for specific immune response

A

adaptive immune response

acquired immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A

3rd line of defense
slow but efficient response (takes weeks to days)
variable but highly selective specificity(produces antibodies specific for invading pathogen)
improves during response and remains if 2nd exposure occurs
amazing ability of this branch of IR to distinguish one organism from another!
due to a moreTARGETED(specifie)d more focused and forceful response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3rd line of defense

A

part of specific immune response
consists of both humoral and cell mediated response
consists of B & T lymphocytes, macro phages, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differences in Innate IR and Adaptive IR

A

Innate receptors recognize: structures shared by various groups of pathogens (TLRS)
and the alterations on human cells due to infection by pathogen (MIC-A)
Adaptive IR: Adaptive receptors recognzie THEIR SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
B Cell Receptors
T Cell receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

BCR

A

B cell Receptor (part of adaptive IR)

has specificity for its Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TCR

A

*T cell Receptor (part of adaptive IR)
*Has specificity for its Ag
*TCR has an alpha and beta chain each of which has a:
*constant and variable region
*Variable region binds to Ag
*trans membrane region bind TCR to the T cell
(figure 3.1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

specificity

A

each B or T cell has its own unique BCR or TCR this is their specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diversity

A

collectively there are infinite binding capabilities among all the BCR and TCRs present in a human this is their diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

who has ADAPTIVE IR, why?

A

adaptive is present only in vertebrates!
because of the complexity they have the ability to devote a large part of their genome to specificity. or perhaps due to their having adaptive ir they are more successful as a species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who has INNATE IR

A

many types of animals and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Summary of Adaptive IR verses Innate IR (features/ advantages)

A

Adaptive:
*can TARGET IR FORCEFULLY because it can distinguish self from non-self in a specific way
* once large # of B & T cells during IR come can be retained for long periods of time as MEMORY B AND T CELLS these work to prevent reinfection (vaccination)
Innate:
*can attack any pathogen
*useful since pathogens are forever evolving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

BCR and TCR are antigen receptors

A

they are the recognition molecules of the adaptive IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

another name for BCRs

Ifs are on B cell surfaces and are also secreted as antibodies (Ab)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Secreted Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TCRs where

A

are bound to the T cell’s surface and are never secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

anything that binds to a TCR or BCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Immunoglobulins

A
  • They are glycoprotiens formed with 2 heavy and 2 light chains
  • within an Ig molecule each of the 2 heavy chains are the same and each of the 2 light are the same
  • Amino terminal end
  • Carboxy terminal region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glycoprotiens

A
  • make up Immunoglobulins: formed with 2 heavy and 2 light chains
  • the 2 heavy chains are the same and each of the 2 light are the same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

*Amino terminal end

A

is the Variable Region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carboxy terminal region

A

is the constant region.

25
Q

Variable Region

A

is the Variable Region differs in amino acid sequence from one Ig to another.
*Contains the region that binds the Antigen The differences in the amino acid sequence from Immunoglobin to Immunoglobin confer their specificity (figure 3.2)

26
Q

Constant region

A
  • the amino acid sequence is ~ the same with each class of Ab,
  • Carboxy terminal region
  • contains sites so other cells & molecules can bind (i.e. phagocytes, mast cells and complement proteins)
27
Q

Immunoglobulin/ B-cell receptor

A

Y shaped with two chains on each chain on the inner side of the 2 arms are the heavy chain the 2 outer on the upper arms are the light chains.
if attached to B cell then there is a trans membrane region (not present if acting as an Ig/ antibody)
the very tip of the 2 arms of the B cell receptor is the antigen binding site
the constant region includes all of the lower arm as well as the lower section of the 2 upper arms of both the heavy and light chain.
figure 3.1

28
Q

T Cell receptor

A

II shaped always embedded in t-cell surface so all contain a trans membrane region with alpha and beta chain attachments. one of the II is the Alpha chain the other is the beta chain. following the trans membrane section upward the next region is the constant region followed by the variable region which at the tip contains the antigen binding sites.

29
Q

Ig molecule (BCR)

A

Variable region
constant region
trans membrane region
(figure 3.2)

30
Q

Trans membrane Region

A

anchors the Ig to the B cell

and T cell receptor to T cell

31
Q

Igs are Very ________

A

specific!!! only bind to specific pathogen wont bind to another pathogen (i.e. antibodies/Ig made during measles infection will bind to measles virus and prevent measles reinfection but measles antibodies that were made will not bind to influenza virus. SPECIFIC )(figure 3.2)

32
Q

Diversity of Ig and TCRs is generated by __________________

A

gene rearragnement

33
Q

Gene rearrangement

A

*is a mechanism unique to Ig and TCR situation

34
Q

Ig and TCR are encoded by _____________ called __, __, ___

A

gene segments, V, D, J

35
Q

V,D,J gene segments

A

encode heavy chain of Ig and Beta chain of TCR

36
Q

V & J gene segments

A

encode light chain of Ig and alpha chain of TCR (not continuous)

37
Q

Details of Gene Rearragngement

A

The V,D and J segments are not continuous on the chromosome so they cannot be directly transcribed and translated
* there are multiple genes encoding different V products within a person’s genome. One gene from the V region on the Chromosome is selected
* the DNA must then break and& splice to be made into a usable gene.
(figure 3.3)

38
Q

somatic recombination

A

process of gene rearrangement (only occurs in B and T cells) the DNA then folds to bring the two chosen genes togehte

39
Q

somatic recombination process

A

a single V gene a D gene and a J gene are each chosen from the DNA(Germiline configureation) the DNA then folds to bring the two chosen genes togehter(somatic recombination) and then the folded part is removed and the genes are now next “pasted” next eachother to form a rearranged gene

40
Q

somatic recombination process (Germiline configuration)

A

a single V gene a D gene and a J gene are each chosen from the DNA (since there are multiple choices for V,D,J there are millions of combinations that are possible this is where the diversity in TCR and BCR in their entirety)

41
Q

somatic recombination process (rearranged gene)

A

and then the folded part is removed and the genes are now next “pasted” next eachother to form a rearranged gene

42
Q

Junctional diversity

A

Diversity arises due to the imprecision of enzymes in the splicing process by the insertion or deletions of nucleotides

43
Q

Combinatorial Association

A

adds to diversity by association of a certain heavy and certain light chain. BCR or the association of a certain alpha chain and a certain Beta chain of the TCR

44
Q

Clonal Selection

A

when one of the naive T and B cells encounters its specific antigen as the cells curculate through the body. the antigen is detected and attached by the BCR or TCR (finding of B and T cells specific antigen then can fight against pathogen and produce more)

45
Q

functional product

A

result of gene rearrangement mechanism (TCR or BCR of a single specificity and is expressed on the cells surface

46
Q

following TCR or BCR ligation by Antigen

A

(this typically occurs in lymph node) then the T or B cell proliferates(differentiation )

47
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Proliferation (differentiateinto effector cells) of the T or B cell following clonal selection

48
Q

first time pathogen enters body following clonal expansion

A

resultes in a primary immune response

49
Q

where is the adaptive IR initiated?

A

in the secondary lymph tissues by t cells and antigen bearing dendritic cells (DCs)

50
Q

Dendritic cell maturation process

A

immature DCs in the tissue ingests the pathogen, which induces the BC to differentiate (mature) & migrate to the draining LN.

51
Q

Mature Dendritc Cell job

A

no longer phagocytic but becomes a professional antigen presenting cell (APC)

52
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cell

53
Q

since dendritic cells are present in skin…

A

they are the best activator of naive T cells

54
Q

If innate IR can not contain infection….

A

*mature DC presents Antigens of pathogen to naive T cells as they pass through the LN.
*For many of these T cells , their TCR will not recognize the antigen on the dendritic cells and thus will leave LN
* A small # of T cells recognize the antigen on the dendritic cells these will remain engaged with the DCS where they will become activated to proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells
(figure 3.6)

55
Q

TCRs do not directly recognize the surface molecules of a pathogen

A

instead TCRs recognize the antigen presented by Antigen presenting cell (mature DC) this antigen is derived from the pathogen by the APC

56
Q

antigens presented by APC

A

are 8-25 aa long and are derived from pathogens proteins
this focuses the IR on recognizing one type of molecule (proteins)
by recognizing a small linear region from pathogen this limits the difficulties of recognizing 3D aspects of whole protein
Several Ag can be presented from same pathogen

57
Q

MHC

A

peptide antigen complex is carried to the surface of DC and presented to T cells, if right T cell binds to specific Ag at MHC complex then the T cell stays engaged with the DC

58
Q

antigen presentation by DC to a Tcell

A

the degraded proteins of the pathogen are bound to MHC molecules

Immunology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions