Chapter 3 - The First Two Years: Body and Brain IP Flashcards
Norm
An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group of population.
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Headsparing
A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disripts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.
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Neuron
One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervois system, especially in the brain.
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Cortex
The outer layers of the brian in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex. (Sometimes called the neocortex.)
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Axon
A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmit electrochemical impusles from that neuron to the dendrtie of other neurons.
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Dendrite
A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.
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Synapse
the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.
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Neurotransmitter
A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
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Prefrontal Cortex
c
Shaken Baby Syndrome
c
REM Rapid Eye Movement
c
Reflexes
c
Gross Motor Skills
c
Fine Motor Skills
c
Sensation
c
Perception
c
Binocular Vision
c
Immunization
c
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
SIDS
Co-Sleeping
c
Sensimotor Intelligence
c
Assimilation
c
Accommodation
c
Object Permanence
c
“Little Scientist”
c
Information Processing Theory
c
Visual Cliff
c
Reminder Session
c
Child Directed Speech
c
Babbling
c
Name Explosion
c
Holophrase
c
Language Acquisition Device
LAD
- Explain rapid growth of the brain in infancy and the opposite factor of pruning.
A
- How does malnutrition affect a young child?
c
- Explain what Piaget termed object permanence.
c
- What are the basic four theories of language learning?
c
1 of 20
Which sleep stage is characterized primarily by dreaming and rapid brain waves?
a. transitional sleep
b. REM sleep
c. quiet sleep
d. slow-wave sleep
b. REM sleep
2 of 20
Which of the following is a gross motor skill?
a. breathing
b. crawling
c. blinking
d. grasping
b. crawling
3 of 20
What occurs when infants change from sucking their mother’s breast to sucking a pacifier?
a. adaptation
b. object permanence
c. tertiary circular reaction
d. secondary circular reaction
a. adaptation
4 of 20
Breast-feeding reduces the risk of:
a. cancer.
b. asthma.
c. diabetes.
d. Breast-feeding reduces the risk of all of these.
d. Breast-feeding reduces the risk of all of these.
5 of 20
What accounts for the ethnic variations in the development of gross motor skills?
a. cultural patterns
b. practice
c. genetics
d. All of these contribute to variations.
d. All of these contribute to variations.
6 of 20
At birth, the average infant weighs:
a. 6 pounds.
b. 6½ pounds.
c. 7 pounds.
d. 7½ pounds.
d. 7½ pounds.
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7 of 20
What occurs in the brain during the pruning process?
a. Unused neurons and misconnected dendrites shrink and die.
b. Unused neurons and misconnected dendrites become reconnected.
c. The number of neurons and dendrites increases dramatically.
d. Neurons and dendrites become larger in size.
a. Unused neurons and misconnected dendrites shrink and die.
8 of 20
Piaget’s cognitive development period that begins at birth and ends around age 2 is called:
a. sensorimotor intelligence.
b. reflexes stage.
c. primary circular reaction.
d. preoperational thought.
a. sensorimotor intelligence.
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9 of 20
Which of the following is a reflex that is critical for survival?
a. Babinski
b. stepping
c. rooting
d. Moro
c. rooting
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10 of 20
Stage four of sensorimotor intelligence is characterized by:
a. primary circular reactions.
b. new adaptation and anticipation.
c. accommodations.
d. object permanence.
b. new adaptation and anticipation.
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11 of 20
When an apparently healthy 2-month-old baby dies in his or her sleep, he or she most likely died of:
a. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
b. smallpox.
c. polio.
d. measles.
a. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
12 of 20
Shaken baby syndrome:
a. does not result in lasting damage to the brain.
b. is seen in one in five children hospitalized for maltreatment.
c. is a rare occurrence.
d. is a myth.
b. is seen in one in five children hospitalized for maltreatment.
13 of 20
Behaviorists believe that a mother who _________ will stimulate her child’s communication skills.
a. uses sign language
b. gives reinforcement
c. ignores mistakes
d. points out mistakes
b. gives reinforcement
14 of 20
A hypervigilant or emotionally flat response to stress later in life is a potential consequence of _______ in infancy.
a. sensory deprivation
b. pruning
c. a lack of stress hormones
d. an overabundance of stress hormones
d. an overabundance of stress hormones
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15 of 20
The typical order of spoken language development is:
a. reflexive, cooing, babbling, simple words.
b. cooing, squealing, vowel sounds, simple words.
c. squealing, cooing, reflexive, simple words.
d. cooing, babbling, reflexive, simple words.
a. reflexive, cooing, babbling, simple words.
p112, Table 3.6
16 of 20
By 24 months, most children are about ____ percent of their adult height.
a. 30
b. 40
c. 50
d. 60
c. 50
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17 of 20
According to your text, early sensation appears to be organized toward which two goals?
a. language acquisition and speech
b. social interaction and comfort
c. obtaining food and toys
d. crawling and walking
b. social interaction and comfort
18 of 20
One-year-old Danielle watches her sister talk on a cell phone. The next day Danielle holds the cell phone to her ear as if she is using the phone. Danielle is demonstrating:
a. habituation.
b. grasp ability.
c. deferred imitation.
d. a launching event.
c. deferred imitation.
19 of 20
The DTaP vaccine protects against:
a. diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
b. polio.
c. measles, mumps, and rubella.
d. chicken pox.
a. diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
20 of 20
At birth, the brain has ____________________.
a. millions of neurons
b. billions of neurons
c. 50 percent of its neurons
d. 25 percent of its neurons
b. billions of neurons
