Chapter 3: The Composition of Living Things: Understanding Basic Chemistry

Question 1

__________ bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons.

Answer 1

Polar Covalent

Question 2

What pH number represents a basic solution?

Answer 2

14

Question 3

Benedict’s solution tests for…

Answer 3

Monosaccharide/Glucose

Question 4

If you see a blue color after using Benedict’s solution, does this indicate a positive or negative result?

Answer 4

Negative

Question 5

Describe the organization of the pH scale.

Answer 5

1 = acidic
7 = neutral
14 = basic

Question 6

Compare and contrast an acid and a base, and provide examples of each.

Answer 6

An acid contains H+ ions and lower pH
ex: stomach acid
A base haas H- ions and a higher pH
ex: soap

Question 7

Atomic number

Answer 7

The number of protons in the nucleus.

Question 8

Atomic Mass

Answer 8

The number of protons plus the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Question 9

Molecule

Answer 9

Results from the chemical union of two or more atoms.

Question 10

Isotopes

Answer 10

Atoms that have the same number of protons and a varied number of neutrons.

Question 11

Compounds

Answer 11

Molecules composed of different elements.

Question 12

Ionic Bond

Answer 12

The attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Question 13

Covalent Bonds

Answer 13

Result from sharing electrons.

Question 14

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Answer 14

Equal sharing of electrons.

Question 15

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 15

Unequal sharing of electrons.

Question 16

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 16

Weak bonds

Question 17

Solution

Answer 17

A liquid composed of a uniform mixture of two or more substances.

Question 18

Solvent

Answer 18

The dissolving medium.

Question 19

Solute

Answer 19

The dissolved substance.

Question 20

Carbohydrates

Answer 20

Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 21

Lipids

Answer 21

Diverse organic compounds that include fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

Question 22

Proteins

Answer 22

The most numerous and complex molecules in living organisms.

Question 23

Monosaccharides

Answer 23

The simplest forms of carbohydrates are known as single sugars, simple sugars, or monosaccharides.

Question 24

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 24

Two monosaccharides combine in a process known as dehydration synthesis or condensation, to form a double sugar or disaccharide.

Question 25

Disaccharide

Answer 25

A double sugar.

Question 26

Hydrolysis

Answer 26

Disaccharides can be broken down into their simpler sugars through a process called hydrolysis.

Question 27

Polysaccharides

Answer 27

Complex carbohydrates built from simple carbohydrates and linked through dehydration synthesis.

Question 28

Starch

Answer 28

A storage polysaccharide that consists of glucose molecules in plants.

Question 29

Glycogen

Answer 29

Or animal starch, is a highly branched, glucose-rich polysaccharide stored in the liver and skeletal muscle of animals.

Question 30

Chitin

Answer 30

A modified polysaccharide, is the main component in the cell walls of some fungi and the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods.

Question 31

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 31

All of the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds and consist of the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Question 32

Saturated Fats

Answer 32

Consist of saturated fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Question 33

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 33

Do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. They have one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.

Question 34

Monounsaturated

Answer 34

An unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond.

Question 35

Polyunsaturated

Answer 35

A fatty acid with more than one double bond.

Question 36

Waxes

Answer 36

Consist of an alcohol bonded with a long-chain fatty acid.

Question 37

Amino Acids

Answer 37

Proteins are composed of building blocks known as amino acids.

Question 38

Peptide Bonds

Answer 38

A covalent bond that forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid during a dehydration synthesis reaction.

Question 39

Polypeptides

Answer 39

Formed by additional amino acids joined to the chain.

Question 40

Biuret Test

Answer 40

Commonly used to detect the presence of a protein. (blue-green = no protein, violet = protein)

Question 41

Sudan Test

Answer 41

Used to detect lipids. (No change = no lipid, orange = lipid present)

Question 42

Iodine Test

Answer 42

Used to detect starch. ( blue-black = starch present, yellow-brown = no starch)

Question 43

Benedict's Test

Answer 43

Used to detect reducing sugar. ( blue = no reducing sugar, green/yellow/orange/red = reducing sugar present)