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Biology > Chapter 3- The chemical building blocks of life > Flashcards

Chapter 3- The chemical building blocks of life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The framework of biological molecules consist predominantly of _______ atoms bonded to other _______ atoms or to atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus

A

Carbon

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2
Q

Because carbon atoms can form up to _______ covalent bonds, molecules containing carbon can form straight chains, branches, or even rings, balls, tubes, and coils

A

4

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3
Q

Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called _______

A

Hydrocarbon

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4
Q

Because the oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds results in a net release of energy, hydrocarbons make good _______

A

Fuels

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5
Q

OH is called a _______ group

A

Hydroxyl

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6
Q

Are hydrocarbons polar or nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar

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7
Q

Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms called _______

A

Isomers

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8
Q

If there are differences in the actual structure of an isomers carbon skeleton, they are called _______ _______

A

Structural isomers

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9
Q

A form of an isomer that has the same carbon skeleton but differs in how The groups attached to this skeleton are arranged in space

A

Stereoisomers

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10
Q

A subcategory of stereoisomers, called _______, are actually mirror images of each other

A

Enantiomers

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11
Q

A molecule that has mirror image versions it’s called a _______ molecule 

A

Chiral

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12
Q

Two examples of enantiomers

A

D sugars and L amino acids

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13
Q

Biological macromolecules are traditionally grouped into what 4 things?

A

Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

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14
Q

A long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers

A

Polymers

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15
Q

The nature of a polymer is determined by its constituent _______

A

Monomers

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16
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of _______, and proteins are polymers of _______ _______

A

Nucleotides; amino acids

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17
Q

Polymers are built through _______ reactions and broken down by _______ reaction

A

Dehydration; hydrolysis

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18
Q

The process of positioning and stressing, termed _______, is carried out within cells by enzymes

A

Catalysis

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19
Q

In this reaction, hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other, breaking the covalent bond joining the subunits

A

Hydrolysis

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20
Q

_______ can distinguish structural and stereoisomeric difference of the sugars

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

_______ groups have definite chemical properties that they retain no matter where they occur

A

Functional

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22
Q

Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical _______

A

Bonds

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23
Q

Lipids are macromolecules formed through _______ synthesis

A

Dehydration

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24
Q

Formation of large molecules by the loss of water

A

Dehydration synthesis

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25
Q

Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water 

A

Hydrolysis

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26
Q

The extent of the chemical reaction is influenced by what three factors?

A

Temperature, concentration of reactants and products, catalysts 

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27
Q

Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

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28
Q

Because carbohydrates contain many carbon hydrogen bonds, which releases energy when they are rearranged, they are well suited for _______ storage

A

Energy

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29
Q

The simplest of carbohydrates are _______

A

Monosaccharides

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30
Q

The most important 6-carbon sugar used for energy storage is _______

A

Glucose

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31
Q

Glucose can exist in and two different forms, _______ and _______

A

Alpha and beta

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32
Q

Enzymes can distinguish structural and stereo isomeric _______ of the sugars

A

Difference

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33
Q

Glucose can be linear or two different _______ configuration

A

Ring

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34
Q

_______ is a structural isomer that differs in the position of the carbonyl carbon

A

Fructose

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35
Q

_______ is a stereoisomer that differs in the position of -OH and -H groups relative to the ring

A

Galactose

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36
Q

Transport forms of sugars are commonly made by linking two monosaccharides together to form _______

A

Disaccharides

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37
Q

Disaccharides serve as effective reservoirs of _______ bc the enzymes that normally use glucose in an organism cannot break the bond linking the two monosaccharides subunits 

A

Glucose

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38
Q

When glucose forms a disaccharide with the structural isomer fructose, the resulting disaccharide is _______, or table sugar

A

Fructose

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39
Q

_______ is the form most plants use to transport glucose and is the sugar that most animals and humans eat

A

Sucrose

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40
Q

When glucose is linked to the stereoisomer galactose, the resulting disaccharide is _______, or milk sugar

A

Lactose

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41
Q

_______ are longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reactions

A

Polysaccharides

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42
Q

_______, a storage polysaccharide, consists entirely of alpha glucose molecules linked in long chains

A

Starch

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43
Q

_______, a structural polysaccharide, also consists of glucose molecules linked in chains but these molecules are beta glucose

A

Cellulose

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44
Q

Polysaccharides are two monosaccharides linked by _______ synthesis

A

Dehydration

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45
Q

Organisms store the metabolic energy Contained in monosaccharides by converting them into disaccharides, such as _______

A

Maltose

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46
Q

The starch with the simplest structure is _______

A

Amylose

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47
Q

The long chains of amylose tend to _______ up in water, a property that renders amylose insoluble

A

Coil

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48
Q

Most plant starch is a somewhat more complicated variant of amylose called _______

A

Amylopectin

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49
Q

The comparable to starch in animals is _______

A

Glycogen

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50
Q

_______ is an insoluble polysaccharide that contains branched amylose chains and has a much longer average chain length and more branches than plant starch 

A

Glycogen

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51
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of _______ glucose

A

Beta

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52
Q

_______ is the chief component of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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53
Q

The starch-hydrolyzing enzymes that occur in most organisms cannot break the bond between two beta glucose units because they only recognize _______ glucose linkages

A

Alpha

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54
Q

Cellulose cannot be broken down by most animals, which is why it is mainly used for structural purposes, but some animals are able to use it in their _______ tract

A

Digestive

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55
Q

The structural material found in arthropods and many fungi 

A

Chitin

56
Q

When cross-linked by proteins, it forms a tough, resistance surface material that serves as the hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

A

Chitin

57
Q

The biochemical activity of a cell depends on production of a large number of _______, each with a specific sequence

A

Proteins

58
Q

2 main varieties of nuclei acids are:

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

59
Q

Genetic info is stored in _______ while RNA plays a variety of roles in the cell, including as short lived copies of genetic info used to direct synthesis of proteins

A

DNA;RNA

60
Q

Nucleus acids are able to serve as templates for producing precise _______ of themselves; this allows genetic info to be preserved during cell division and reproduction

A

Copies

61
Q

As a carrier of info, the form of RNA called _______ RNA consists of transcribed single stranded copies of portions of the DNA

A

Messenger

62
Q

_______ RNA serves as the blueprint for specifying the amino acid sequences of proteins

A

Messenger

63
Q

Nucleic acids consist of long polymers of repeating subunits called _______

A

Nucleotides

64
Q

Each nucleotide consists of three components:

A

A 5-carbon sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

65
Q

Nucleotides have 5 types of nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)

66
Q

_______ are formed by joining the phosphate of 1 nucleotide to a hydroxyl group of the sugar of another nucleotide in a dehydration reaction

A

Polynucleotides

67
Q

A _______ _______ is a chain of 5-carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds with a nitrogenous base protruding from each sugar

A

Nucleic acid

68
Q

A spiral shape is called a _______

A

Helix

69
Q

A helix composed of 2 chains is called a _______ _______

A

Double helix

70
Q

Adenine pairs with _______(DNA) or _______(RNA)

A

Thymine; uracil

71
Q

Cytosine pairs with _______

A

Guanine

72
Q

DNA contains _______ information for amino acid sequence of proteins

A

Coding

73
Q

tRNA is:

A

Transfer RNA

74
Q

mRNA is:

A

Messenger RNA

75
Q

rRNA is:

A

Ribosomal RNA

76
Q

The energy currency of the cell

A

Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

77
Q

Cells use the energy released by breaking down food molecules to synthesize _______

A

ATP

78
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD) molecules function as _______ carriers in a variety of cellular processes

A

Electron

79
Q

_______ are the most diverse group of macromolecules, both chemically and functionally

A

Proteins

80
Q

Proteins are composed of long, unbranched chains of _______ _______

A

Amino acids

81
Q

Each chain of _______ is a polypeptide of varying amino acid length

A

Protein

82
Q

7 main biological functions of proteins:

A

Enzymes catalysis
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion
Regulation
Storage

83
Q

Most _______ are 3 dimensional globular proteins that fit snugly around the molecules they act on

A

Enzymes

84
Q

The transport protein, _______, transports oxygen in the blood

A

Hemoglobin

85
Q

Protein fibers play _______ roles like keratin in hair, fibrin in blood clots, and collagen

A

Structural

86
Q

Muscles contract through the sliding motions of 2 kinds of protein filaments: _______ and _______

A

Actin;myosin

87
Q

Calcium and iron are stored in the body by binding as ions to storage _______

A

Proteins

88
Q

The specific _______ of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function

A

Order

89
Q

The unique character of each amino acid is determined by the nature of the _____ group

A

R

90
Q

The amino and carboxyl groups on a pair of amino acids can undergo a dehydration reaction to form a _______ bond

A

Covalent

91
Q

The covalent bond that links to amino acids is called a _______ bond

A

Peptide

92
Q

Peptide bonds are not free to _______ because of the partial double bond

A

Rotate

93
Q

The bond that forms when amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis:

A

Peptide

94
Q

The bond that is formed between the amino end(N) and carboxyl end(C) of each amino acids

A

Peptide

95
Q

An unbranched chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a _______

A

Polypeptide

96
Q

If a polypeptide can fold into a structure with some function, such as the antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme in your saliva, we also call it a _______

A

Protein

97
Q

X-rays can be passed through a crystal of _______ to produce a diffraction pattern

A

Protein

98
Q

What are the four levels of hierarchy in proteins?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

99
Q

The _______ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence

A

Primary

100
Q

The _______ structure of proteins can fold into a pleated sheet or turn into a helix

A

Primary

101
Q

The two kinds of ______ structures and proteins create regions of the proteins that are cylindrical and planar

A

Secondary

102
Q

Interactions between the amino acids a variable group create _______ structures

A

Secondary

103
Q

Helix= ______ spiral

A

Coiled

104
Q

Sheet= _______ structure

A

Planar

105
Q

The final folded 3D shape of a globular protein is called its _______ structure

A

Tertiary

106
Q

_______ structure contains regions that have secondary structure determines how these are further arranged in space to produce the overall structure

A

Tertiary

107
Q

When proteins are unfolded, they are being _______

A

Denatured

108
Q

Protein structure that is an interaction of individual protein trend to create proteins with two or more polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary

109
Q

Common elements of secondary structure interacting with each other

A

Motifs

110
Q

Functional units within a larger protein, are usually made of different motifs

A

Domains

111
Q

_______ proteins have the ability to company protein on its path to a properly fold and state

A

Chaperone

112
Q

Improper folding of proteins can result in _______

A

Disease

113
Q

Chaperone proteins are extremely _______, unlike most proteins

A

Flexible

114
Q

If a proteins environment is altered, protein may change shape or unfold completely, which is called _______

A

Denaturation

115
Q

Denatured proteins are usually biologically _______ 

A

Inactive

116
Q

For proteins with quaternary structure, the subunits may be _______ without losing their individual tertiary structure, not to be confused with denaturation 

A

Disassociated

117
Q

_______ are a somewhat loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic: they are insoluble in water

A

Lipids

118
Q

Lipids have a high proportion of nonpolar C—H bonds, which causes the molecule to be _______

A

Hydrophobic

119
Q

Examples of lipids:

A

Fats, oils, waxes, and even some vitamins

120
Q

How many lipids are built from a simple skeleton made up of two main kinds of molecules: _______ _______ and _______

A

Fatty acids; glycerol

121
Q

_______ are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids

A

Triglycerides

122
Q

The three fatty acids of a triglyceride do not need to be _______

A

Identical

123
Q

The chain _______ of a fatty acid varies 

A

Length

124
Q

A _______ fat has no double bonds between carbon atoms

A

Saturated

125
Q

The type of fat that has a higher melting point and an animal origin:

A

Saturated

126
Q

_______ fat has one or more double bonds

A

Unsaturated

127
Q

The type of fat that has a low melting point and a plant origin:

A

Unsaturated

128
Q

Steroids, another class of lipid, are composed of _______ carbon rings 

A

4

129
Q

_______ are excellent energy storage molecules

A

Fats

130
Q

The basic structure of a phospholipid includes three kinds of subunits:

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

131
Q

The _______ molecule can be thought of as having a polar head at one end and two long, very nonpolar tails at the other

A

Phospholipid

132
Q

_______ are lipid molecules oriented with polar head toward water and nonpolar tails away from water

A

Micelles

133
Q

Lipid bilayers are the basic framework of biological _______

A

Membranes

134
Q

Hydrophilic heads(polar) point _______ associated with water(nonpolar)

A

Outward

135
Q

Hydrophobic tails(nonpolar) point _______ toward each other

A

Inward

Biology (3 decks)

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