Chapter 3 Test Study Guide

Question 1

Who was Robert Hooke and what did he discover?

Answer 1

the first cellular scientist to first observe and ID cells (he thought they looked like monastery room)

Question 2

Who was Matthias Schleidew and what did he discover?

Answer 2

the second cellular scientist who discovered that all plants have cells

Question 3

Who was Theodore Schwann and what did he discover?

Answer 3

the third cellular scientist who discovered that all animals have cells

Question 4

Who was Rudolph Virchow and what did he discover

Answer 4

the fourth cellular scientist who discovered that all cells come from existing cells (he came up with the cell theory)

Question 5

What is the Cell Theory?

Answer 5

1. all organisms are made of cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms
3. all cells come from existing cells

Question 6

What are the Microscope Types? What do they study?

Answer 6

Compound Light Microscope: observes living or non-living cells, stain required

Electron Microscopes: 1) Transmission Electron Microscope - studies internal cell structures. 2) Scanning Electron Microscope - studies surfaces of cell and produces a 3D image. (only nonliving cells or organisms

Question 7

What’s a Prokaryote?

Answer 7

cells with no membrane enclosing their DNA; it is the oldest form of life

Question 8

What’s a Eukaryote?

Answer 8

cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. includes: protist (algae), fungi, plants, and animals

Question 9

What is the difference between the two cells?

Answer 9

• Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, while Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
• Prokaryotes are simple and small, while Eukaryotes are big and packed.
• Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, as for Eukaryotes do

Question 10

What are all four of the basic parts of a cell?

Answer 10

plasma membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell
ribosomes: make proteins
cytoplasm: the living jelly-like material outside the nucleus
genetic material: DNA + RNA

Question 11

Define: Cell Membrane

Answer 11

• surrounds/encloses the cell
• regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• selectively permeable
• allows nutrients, water, and oxygen to enter, but no toxins
• made of a phospholipid bilayer (2 layers of phosphates and lipids)
• fluid mosaic model: transport proteins move materials in and out of the cell

Question 12

Define: Cytoskeleton

Answer 12

• main part of cytoplasm
• gives cells shape
• made of microtubules, fibers, and filament

Question 13

Define: Nucleus

Answer 13

• surrounded by membrane
• control center of cell
• contains genetic info (chromosomes)

Question 14

Define: Nucleolus

Answer 14

• inside nucleus
• makes ribosomes

Question 15

Define: Chromosomes

Answer 15

• contains genes
• made of long DNA strands
• visible only during cell division

Question 16

Define: Ribosomes

Answer 16

• make proteins
• on rough ER and in cytoplasm
• made in nucleolus
• made of RNA

Question 17

Define: E.R.

Answer 17

• network of membranes that specializes in making lipids and moving lipids and proteins to their final destination
• cell’s subway system

Question 18

Define: Golgi

Answer 18

• packages (add a molecule marker that tells where item needs to) products for secretion (like a mail service finishing shop) from the cell
• forms vesicles that move to the cell membrane and release contents to outside of the cell
• (stack of pancakes)

Question 19

Define: Lysosomes

Answer 19

• have digestive enzymes that break down food molecules and old cell parts
• suicide sac: releases enzymes to breakdown cytoplasm and rest of cell when cell gets old
• aka the garbage disposal, aka goat
• breaks down proteins and lipids

Question 20

Define: Vacuole

Answer 20

• storage unit of the cell
• contain enzymes, stores nutrients and waste products
• regulates water content in cells
• much larger in plant cells because when there are droughts, plants can use the water from the vacuole as their source of food

Question 21

Define: Mitochondria

Answer 21

• Red Bull, powerhouse of cell
• releases energy from food molecules into usable forms
• produce ATP
• cells that need a lot of energy have a big amount of mitochondria (ex: muscle cells)

Question 22

Define: Centrioles. IN ANIMAL CELL ONLY

Answer 22

• located outside of nucleus
• made of microtubules
• important in cell divison

Question 23

Define: Chloroplasts. IN PLANT CELL ONLY

Answer 23

• hold chlorophyll which absorbs light energy
• where photosynthesis occurs
• found only in plant and algae cells
• absorbs sunlight energy and converts to usable form

Question 24

Define: Cell Wall. PLANT CELL, FUNGI, ONLY PROKARYOTES ONLY

Answer 24

• provides support and protection to the actual cell and plant
• made of cellulose (paper)
• outside of cell membrane
• plants can still get disease and infections
• animal cells use white blood cells as their replacement for a cell wall when fighting disease and infections