Chapter 3 Test Study Guide Flashcards
lowkey cannot and dont wanna fail
Who was Robert Hooke and what did he discover?
the first cellular scientist to first observe and ID cells (he thought they looked like monastery room)
Who was Matthias Schleidew and what did he discover?
the second cellular scientist who discovered that all plants have cells
Who was Theodore Schwann and what did he discover?
the third cellular scientist who discovered that all animals have cells
Who was Rudolph Virchow and what did he discover
the fourth cellular scientist who discovered that all cells come from existing cells (he came up with the cell theory)
What is the Cell Theory?
- all organisms are made of cells
- the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms
- all cells come from existing cells
What are the Microscope Types? What do they study?
Compound Light Microscope: observes living or non-living cells, stain required
Electron Microscopes: 1) Transmission Electron Microscope - studies internal cell structures. 2) Scanning Electron Microscope - studies surfaces of cell and produces a 3D image. (only nonliving cells or organisms
What’s a Prokaryote?
cells with no membrane enclosing their DNA; it is the oldest form of life
What’s a Eukaryote?
cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. includes: protist (algae), fungi, plants, and animals
What is the difference between the two cells?
- Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, while Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
- Prokaryotes are simple and small, while Eukaryotes are big and packed.
- Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, as for Eukaryotes do
What are all four of the basic parts of a cell?
plasma membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell
ribosomes: make proteins
cytoplasm: the living jelly-like material outside the nucleus
genetic material: DNA + RNA
Define: Cell Membrane
- surrounds/encloses the cell
- regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- selectively permeable
- allows nutrients, water, and oxygen to enter, but no toxins
- made of a phospholipid bilayer (2 layers of phosphates and lipids)
- fluid mosaic model: transport proteins move materials in and out of the cell
Define: Cytoskeleton
- main part of cytoplasm
- gives cells shape
- made of microtubules, fibers, and filament
Define: Nucleus
- surrounded by membrane
- control center of cell
- contains genetic info (chromosomes)
Define: Nucleolus
- inside nucleus
- makes ribosomes
Define: Chromosomes
- contains genes
- made of long DNA strands
- visible only during cell division
Define: Ribosomes
- make proteins
- on rough ER and in cytoplasm
- made in nucleolus
- made of RNA
Define: E.R.
- network of membranes that specializes in making lipids and moving lipids and proteins to their final destination
- cell’s subway system
Define: Golgi
- packages (add a molecule marker that tells where item needs to) products for secretion (like a mail service finishing shop) from the cell
- forms vesicles that move to the cell membrane and release contents to outside of the cell
- (stack of pancakes)
Define: Lysosomes
- have digestive enzymes that break down food molecules and old cell parts
- suicide sac: releases enzymes to breakdown cytoplasm and rest of cell when cell gets old
- aka the garbage disposal, aka goat
- breaks down proteins and lipids
Define: Vacuole
- storage unit of the cell
- contain enzymes, stores nutrients and waste products
- regulates water content in cells
- much larger in plant cells because when there are droughts, plants can use the water from the vacuole as their source of food
Define: Mitochondria
- Red Bull, powerhouse of cell
- releases energy from food molecules into usable forms
- produce ATP
- cells that need a lot of energy have a big amount of mitochondria (ex: muscle cells)
Define: Centrioles. IN ANIMAL CELL ONLY
- located outside of nucleus
- made of microtubules
- important in cell divison
Define: Chloroplasts. IN PLANT CELL ONLY
- hold chlorophyll which absorbs light energy
- where photosynthesis occurs
- found only in plant and algae cells
- absorbs sunlight energy and converts to usable form
Define: Cell Wall. PLANT CELL, FUNGI, ONLY PROKARYOTES ONLY
- provides support and protection to the actual cell and plant
- made of cellulose (paper)
- outside of cell membrane
- plants can still get disease and infections
- animal cells use white blood cells as their replacement for a cell wall when fighting disease and infections
