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Psychology 239 (Motivational Behavior) > Chapter 3- Synapses > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Synapses Flashcards

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1
Q

synapse

A

specialized gaps/ junctions between neurons used to communicate by transmitting chemicals

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2
Q

reflexes

A

automatic muscular response to stimuli

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3
Q

reflex arc

A

the circuit from sensory neurons to muscle response (the speed of conduction)

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4
Q

temporal summation

A

repeated stimuli within a brief time having a cumulative effect

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5
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that delivers that synaptic transmission

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6
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that receives the message

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7
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

a graded depolarization that occurs when Na+ ions enter the postsynaptic neuron

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8
Q

spatial summation

A

synaptic input from several locations exerting a cumulative effect and trigger a nerve impulse

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9
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

the temporary hyperpoalrization of a membrane (occurs when K+ leaves the cell or Cl- enters the cell after it is stimulated)

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10
Q

spontaneous firing rate

A

the ability to produce action potentials without synaptic input (esps increase above the rate; isps decrease below the rate)

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that travel across the synapse and communicate between neurons )released by one neuron and affect another)

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12
Q

amino acids

A

acids containing an amine group (NH2)

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13
Q

neuropeptides

A

chains of amino acids (polypeptide - protein)

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14
Q

acetylcholine

A

a chemical similiar to amino acid replaced by a N(CH3)3 group

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15
Q

monoamines

A

neurotransmitters containing an amine group formed by a metabolic change of amino acid

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16
Q

cathecholamines

A

compounds containing a catechol and an amine group (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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17
Q

tryptophan

A

precursor for serotonin

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18
Q

vesicles

A

tiny spherical packets that store high concentrations of neurotransmitters near the presynaptic (held for release)

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19
Q

MAO (monamine oxidase)

A

a chemical that breaks down excess levels of some neurotransmitters into inactive chemicals

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20
Q

exocytosis

A

(neurotransmitter release) the excretion of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft
triggered by an action potential arriving from the axon

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21
Q

ionotropic effect

A

when a neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately opens ion channels

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22
Q

transmitter gated/ ligand gated channels

A

channels of sodium and potassium along an axon , controlled by a neurotransmitter

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23
Q

metabotropic effects

A

when neurotransmitters attach to a receptor and initiates a sequence of slower and longer lasting metabolic reactions

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24
Q

G-proteins

A

a protein couple to the energy-storing molecule guanosine phosphate

25
Q

second messenger

A

a chemical that communicates to areas within the cell

26
Q

neuropeptides (neuromodulators)

A

neurotransmitters that alter the effects of a neurotransmitter

27
Q

neurogliaform cell

A

a neuron shaped like a glia cell that releases huge amount of GABA all at once, producing widespread inhibition

28
Q

hormone

A

a chemical secreted by a gland or other cells and is transported to other organs by the blood whose activity it influences

29
Q

endocrine glands

A

responsible for the production of hormones

30
Q

protein hormones & peptide bonds

A

composed of chains of amino acids and attach to membrane receptors where they activate second messenger systems

31
Q

pituitary gland

A

attached to the hypothalamus and consists of two glands

32
Q

anterior pituitary

A

composed of glandular tissue and synthesizes 6 hormones

33
Q

posterior pituitary

A

composed of neural tissue and can be considered an extension of the hypothalamus

34
Q

oxytocin & vasopressin

A

antidiurect hormone released from the posterior pituitary synthesized in the hypothalamus

35
Q

reuptake

A

when the presynaptic neuron takes up most of the neurotransmitter molecules intact and reuses them through transporters

36
Q

acetylcholinesterase (AChe)

A

enzymes that breaks down into acetylcholine (reabsorbed and recycled)

37
Q

COMT

A

enzymes that convert the excess into inactive chemicals

38
Q

autoreceptors

A

receptors that detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release

39
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter

40
Q

agonist

A

a drug that increases a neurotransmitters effects

41
Q

gap junction

A

the membrane of one neuron coming into direct contact with another in an electrical synapse

42
Q

affinity

A

how strongly the drug attaches to the receptor

43
Q

efficacy

A

the tendency of the drug to activate a receptor

44
Q

stimulant drugs

A

produce excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased, motor activity (addictive)

45
Q

amphetamine

A

increases dopamine release from presynaptic terminals by reversing the direction of the dopamine transporter

46
Q

cocaine

A

blocks the reuptake of catecholamines and serotonin at the synapse

47
Q

methylphenidate

A

blocks the reuptake of dopamine at presynaptic terminals

48
Q

nicotine

A

stimulates one type of acetylcholine receptor known as the nicotinic receptor

49
Q

opiate drugs

A

those that are derived from the opium poppy

50
Q

endorphins

A

peptides that the brain produces (reinforcing effects)

51
Q

tetrahydocannabinol (THC)

cannabinoids

A

active ingredient in marijuana

52
Q

anandamide/ 2-AG

A

brain chemicals that bind to cannabinoid receptors

53
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A

drugs that distort perception

54
Q

alcoholism/ alcohol dependence

A

the continued use of alcohol despite medical or social harm

55
Q

alcohol

A

stimulant that enhances response by the GABA receptor, blocks glutamate receptors, and increases dopamine activity

56
Q

tolerance

A

decreased effect of a drug following repeated use

57
Q

acetaldehyde

A

a poisonous substance created when alcohol is metabolized in the liver

58
Q

antabuse (disulfiram)

A

a drug that blocks the effects if the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase by binding to its copper ion

Psychology 239 (Motivational Behavior) (3 decks)

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