Chapter 3 Study Guide Flashcards
Mendel developed his theory of inheritance by conducting crosses with which organism?
- fruit flies
- peas
- mice
- tomatoes
peas
A _____ can be used to predict the results of a genetic cross.
- reciprocal cross
- dihybrid cross
- principle of segregation
- chi-square test
- Punnett square
Punnett square
A cross between parents that differ in two characteristics is a:
- monohybrid cross.
- homogametic cross.
- dihybrid cross.
- dihybrid cross.
- dioecious cross.
- heterogametic cross.
dihybrid cross.
The degrees of freedom are equal to n – 1, where n is the number of different expected;
- homozygotes.
- heterozygotes.
- alleles.
- genotypes.
- phenotypes.
phenotypes
Why did Gregor Mendel end his genetics experiments?
- His experimental organisms were destroyed by the disease.
- Gregor Mendel died unexpectedly before he was able to complete his experiments.
- Mendel became too busy after he was elected abbot of his monastery.
- Other scientists like Hugo de Vries began conducting similar experiments.
- All of the above
Mendel became too busy after he was elected abbot of his monastery.
Which genetic principle states that each individual possesses two alleles coding for a trait and that these alleles separate when gametes are formed?
-principle of segregation
-chromosome theory of inheritance
-concept of dominance
multiplication rule of probability
-principle of independent assortment
principle of segregation
True or False? The exact genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring predicted by Mendel’s principles of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance are always accurate.
False
Predict which of the following hypothetical organisms would be the most useful for studying heredity.
- a plant that reaches sexual maturity after 5 years of growth and produces abundant fruits with 5 seeds
- a microbe that cannot tolerate oxygen and requires extreme pressure to grow
- a virus that infects blue whales
- a mammal that gives birth to one offspring every year and feeds exclusively on a diet of beetles and plant nectar
- an insect that reaches sexual maturity in 9 days and can lay 1000 eggs per week
-an insect that reaches sexual maturity in 9 days and can lay 1000 eggs per week
The first generation consisting of the original parents of a genetic cross is designated the _____ generation.
- P
- G1
- G2
- G0
P
Define Gene
An inherited factor (encoded in the DNA) that helps determine a characteristic
Define Allele
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene
Define Locus
A specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele
Define Genotype
A set of alleles possessed by an individual organism
Define Homozygote
An individual organism possessing two of the same alleles at a locus
Define Heterozygote
An individual organism possessing two different alleles at a locus
Define Characteristic or character
An attribute or feature possessed by an organism
Define Phenotype or trait
The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic
A _____ can be used to determine the phenotypes and expected proportions with complex crosses.
- backcross
- testcross
- branch diagram
branch diagram
Which of the following is inherited by a diploid offspring?
- genotype
- phenotype
- all alleles from one parent
- all alleles from both parents
genotype
For the ____ rule of probability to be valid, the events must be independent.
- addition
- subtraction
- division
- multiplication
multiplication
For the ____ rule of probability to be valid, the events must be independent.
- branched hypothesis
- segregation hypothesis
- assortment hypothesis
- null hypothesis
- acceptance hypothesis
null.
” This hypothesis—that chance alone is responsible for a deviation between observed and expected values—is sometimes called the null hypothesis. Statistical tests such as the chi-square test cannot prove that the null hypothesis is correct, but they can help us decide whether we should reject it. “
Mendel’s approach to the study of heredity was effective for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT that:
- he conducted studies on an appropriate model organism.
- he adopted an experimental approach.
- he was able to do all his work in less than 6 months.
- he kept careful records.
he was able to do all his work in less than 6 months.
“The plant is easy to cultivate, and Mendel had the monastery garden and greenhouse at his disposal. Compared with some other plants, peas grow relatively rapidly, completing an entire generation in a single growing season.”
Which trait typically disappears in heterozygous individuals?
- recessive
- dominant
- wildtype
- homozygous
-recessive
Describe Mendel’s second law.
The principle of heredity discovered by Mendel that states that genes encoding different characteristics (genes at different loci) separate independently; applies only to genes located on different chromosomes or to genes far apart on the same chromosome.
A.K.A. The principle of independent assortment.
