Chapter 3: Spirituals

Question 1

Spirituals

Answer 1

• white and African American traditions (now, spiritual = African American and hymn/psalm = white)
• hymn-like structure and tunes with African American singing practices
• lyrics had to do with the persecution of the Hebrews, and the black experience

Question 2

Mahalia Jackson

Answer 2

• “The Queen of Gospel”
• 1911-1972
• only sang sacred music
• first gospel singer to sing in Carnegie Hall
• civil rights leader
• “Move On Up a Little Higher,” “Trouble of the World,” “Joshua (Fought) the Battle of Jericho”

Question 3

Sam Cooke

Answer 3

• 1931-1964
• The Soul Stirrers
• brought a younger crowd to gospel concerts
• falsetto/polyrhythms/improvisations
• “How Far Am I From Canaan?”

Question 4

Edwin Hawking

Answer 4

• 1943-2018
• pianist, composer from Oakland
• helped establish the Urban Contemporary Gospel Sound
• crossover
• “Oh, Happy Day”