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Sociology > Chapter 3: Society & Culture > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Society & Culture Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Society

A

Individuals who live together in a geographical area; share a culture & territory; composed of structures that organize group life

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2
Q

Hardware

A

Society

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3
Q

Software

A

Culture

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4
Q

Culture

A

Ideas and things passed down from one generation to another; knowledge, beliefs, values, rules, laws, language, etc.; provides guidelines for tasks of members

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5
Q

Society structures

A

Positions we hold, groups we belong to, institutions we participate in

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6
Q

Types of societies (Emile Durkheim)

A

Mechanical and organic societies

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7
Q

Mechanical societies

A

Small, simple, premodern, held together by common beliefs, values and emotional ties; similarity of individuals in the group

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8
Q

Organic societies

A

Large complex societies; held together by interdependence of specialized individuals; differences in individuals in the group

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9
Q

Evolution of societies

A

Vary in terms of division of labor, interdependence of positions, technological advancement, forms and uses of energy

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10
Q

Types of societies

A

Hunter-gatherer, herding/agricultural, agricultural, industrial, post-industrial

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11
Q

Hunter-gatherer societies

A

First societies; rely on veg & animals; nomadic; division of labor by gender & age; mechanical solidarity

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12
Q

Herding/horticulture society

A

Control food production; advancement; mechanical solidarity

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13
Q

Agriculture society

A

More efficient than horticulture; plow, irrigation advancements; feudal system born

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14
Q

Industrial societies

A

Machines replace human & animal power

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15
Q

Postindustrial & information societies

A

Move from human labor and manufacturing to automated production and service jobs; organic solidarity

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16
Q

Culture

A

Ideas and material objects passed on from generation to gen; includes beliefs, values, customs, material products; evolves and adapts over time; ongoing & cumulative

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17
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Tendency to view ones own group and it’s cultural expectations as right, proper, & superior to others

18
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Setting aside ones own cultural beliefs & prejudices in order to understand another group through that eyes of its own members

19
Q

Components of culture

A

Material & non material

20
Q

Material culture

A

Includes all objects we can see or touch, all artifacts of a group of people

21
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

Invisible parts of culture; beliefs, values, norms, language

22
Q

Ideal culture

A

Practices, beliefs and values that are regarded as most desirable and are consciously taught (what should happen)

23
Q

Real culture

A

Way things in society are actually done (what really happens)

24
Q

Values

A

Nonmaterial shared judgments about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or bad

25
Q

Beliefs

A

Ideas we hold about life, about how society works, and where we fit into it

26
Q

Norms

A

Rules of behavior shared by members of a society abc rooted in the value system

27
Q

Types of norms

A

Folkways, mores, laws, taboos

28
Q

Folkways

A

Customs or desirable behaviors that are not strictly enforced

29
Q

Mores

A

Customs or desirable behaviors that have great moral significance, and are more strictly enforced

30
Q

Taboos

A

Actions considered unthinkable or unspeakable in a culture

31
Q

Laws

A

Norms that have been formally encoded by political power

32
Q

Sanctions

A

Behaviors that reinforce norms through rewards or penalties, can be formal or informal, positive or negative

33
Q

Language

A

Foundation of every culture

34
Q

Linguistic relativity theory

A

People who speak a specific language make interpretations of their reality based on their knowledge of language

35
Q

Micro cultures

A

Micro level analysis; organizations that influence only a small segment of an individual’s life (hospitals, Girl Scouts)

36
Q

Subculture

A

Meso level

37
Q

Counterculture

A

Meso level

38
Q

National society

A

Population living in the same geographical location connected by common values, goals etc

39
Q

Globalization

A

Process where the entire culture is becoming a “single socio cultural place”

40
Q

Cultural lag

A

Technology and material culture change more rapidly than nonmaterial culture

41
Q

Ethnocide

A

Destruction of a culture

Sociology (4 decks)

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