Chapter 3- Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Bones
A
oste/o, oss/e, oss/i, ost/o
2
Q
bone marrow (also means spinal cord)
A
myel/o
3
Q
cartilage
A
chondr/o
4
Q
joints
A
arthr/o
5
Q
ligaments
A
ligament/o
6
Q
means synovial membrane and synovial fluid.
A
synovi/o or synov/o
7
Q
Bursa
A
burs/o
8
Q
crooked, bent, stiff
A
ankyl/o
9
Q
rib
A
cost/o
10
Q
skull
A
crani/o
11
Q
to bind, tie together
A
-desis
12
Q
bent, hump
A
kyph/o
13
Q
curve, swayback, bent
A
lord/o
14
Q
lumbar, lower back
A
lumb/o
15
Q
curved, bent
A
scoli/o
16
Q
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
A
spondyl/o
17
Q
Consists of bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membranes, synovial fluid, and bursae. Has functions of: bones act as the framework of the body, bones support and protect the internal organs, joints work in conjunction with muscles, ligaments, and tendons, making possible the wide variety of body movements.
A
Skeletal system
18
Q
A mineral required for normal nerve and muscle function, is stored in bones
A
Calcium
19
Q
Plays an important role in the formation of blood cells, is located within spongy bone. Is a hematopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.
A
Red bone marrow
20
Q
A newborn’s skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning into bone in a process called what which continues through adolescence?
A
ossification
21
Q
break down old or damaged bone
A
osteoclast
22
Q
help rebuild the bone
A
osteoblast
23
Q
The form of connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body. What is only harder than this?
A
Bone
- dental enamel
24
Q
is the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
A
periosteum ( peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, and -um is a noun ending).
25
also known as cortical bone , is the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. When measured by weight, compact bone accounts for more than 75% of the body’s bone matter.
Compact bone
26
also known as cancellous bone , is porous (“sponge-like”), which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone. Weaker and bones with a large percentage of this are also more susceptible to fractures.
spongy bone
27
The major bones of the arms and legs, including the femur and humerus, are examples of what?
long bones
28
include the bones of the wrist and ankle. They are roughly cube-shaped, and are made up of spongy bone covered with a layer of compact bone.
short bones
29
is the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored.
Medullary cavity ( medullary means pertaining to the inner section)
30
is the tissue that lines the medullary cavity ( end- means within, oste means bone, and -um is a noun ending).
Endosteum
31
means pertaining to the formation of blood cells
Hematopoietic ( hemat/o means blood, and -poietic means pertaining to formation). This term is also spelled hemopoietic .
32
functions as a fat storage area. It is composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones. Most bone marrow is red from birth through early adolescence, after which about half of it is gradually replaced by yellow bone marrow.
yellow bone marrow
33
is the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. This, which is more elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose.
Cartilage
34
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate , or come together, to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other
Articular cartilage
35
is the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw
meniscus
36
is the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
37
Are the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs. Each is covered with articular cartilage to protect it.
epiphyses
38
the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
proximal epiphysis
39
Is the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body.
Distal epiphysis
40
is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass the foramina.
foramen
41
is a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon.
a process
42
Which are also known as articulations , are the place of union between two or more bones
joints
43
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults these joints, which are also known as sutures , allow little or no movement. In newborns and very young children, some are movable before they have solidified.
Fibrous joints
44
also known as the soft spots , are normally present on the skull of a newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow for the growth of the skull during the first year. As the child matures, and the sutures close, this gradually harden.
fontanelles
45
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.
Cartilaginous joints
46
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis
pubic symphysis
47
Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. As used here, the term articulate means to come together. These joints are also described based on their type of motion
synovial joints
48
uch as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
ball-and-socket joints
49
such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
hinge joints
50
is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.
synovial capsule
51
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
synovial membrane
52
which flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible.
synovial fluid
53
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
Ligaments
54
is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone
bursa
55
The typical adult human skeleton consists of approximately how many bones? Depending upon the age of the individual, the exact number of bones range is what?
206 bones
- 206 to 350
56
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Consist of the 80 bones of the head and the body that are organized into 5 parts:
(1) the bones of the skull;
(2) the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear;
(3) the hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid;
(4) the rib cage; and
(5) the vertebral column.
Axial skeleton
57
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. In the human, this skeleton consists of 126 bones that are organized into:
(1) the upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and
(2) the lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet).
Appendicular skeleton
58
ls known as the rib cage , is the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms.
Thoracic cavity
59
also known as costals, consists of 12, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae.
Ribs
60
The first seven pairs of ribs are this and they attach anteriorly to the sternum
true ribs
61
The next three pairs of ribs, and they attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum.
False ribs
62
The last two pairs of ribs, they are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly.
floating ribs
63
also known as the breast bone , is a flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. By joining with the ribs, it forms the front of the rib cage. This is divided into three parts
Sternum
64
Is the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
manubrium
65
also known as the gladiolus, is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
the body of the sternum
66
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum.
Xiphoid process.. xiphoid comes from the Greek word for a straight sword.
67
which supports the arms and hands. This is also known as the shoulder girdle . As used here, the term girdle refers to a structure that encircles the body.
pectoral girdle
68
also known as the collarbone , is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula.
clavicle
69
is also known as the shoulder blade (plural, scapulae).
scapula
70
is an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.
acromion
71
is the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. Runs up the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
72
is the larger and longer bone of the forearm (plural, ulnae). The proximal end of this articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint.
ulna
73
commonly known as the funny bone , is the large, proximal tip of the ulna. This forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck.
olecranon
74
eight. are the bones that form the wrist (singular, carpal). These bones form a narrow bony passage known as the carpal tunnel. The median nerve and the tendons of the fingers pass through this tunnel to reach the hand.
carpals
75
are the five bones that form the palms of the hand.
metacarpals
76
are the 14 bones of the fingers (singular, phalanx). The bones of the toes are also known as this.
phalanges
77
which is also known as the vertebral column , protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. Consists of 26 vertebrae. Each of these bony units is known as a vertebra, and the term vertebral means pertaining to the vertebrae.
spinal column
78
The anterior portion of the vertebra is solid to provide strength and is known as this
body of the vertebra
79
The posterior portion of the vertebra. The transverse and spinous processes extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscles and tendons.
lamina
80
is the opening in the middle of the vertebra. This opening allows the spinal cord to pass through and to protect the spinal cord.
vertebral foramen
81
which are made of cartilage and pads of tissue, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other and allow for movement of the spinal column. Their inner core is the nucleus pulposus , which is made up of a soft, gelatinous material that allows the intervertebral disks to act as shock absorbers
intervertebral disks
82
are the first set of seven vertebrae, and they form the neck. The term cervical means pertaining to the neck, and these vertebrae are also known as C1–C7.
cervical vertebrae
83
known as T1–T12, are the second set of 12 vertebrae. Each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine. Thoracic means pertaining to the thoracic cavity.
thoracic vertebrae
84
known as L1–L5, make up the third set of five vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae, and they bear most of the body’s weight. Lumbar means relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis.
lumbar vertebrae
85
is the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, this is composed of five separate bones; however, in the young child, they fuse together to form a single bone.
sacrum
86
