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Geography > Chapter 3 - Shaping Earth's Crust > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Shaping Earth's Crust Flashcards

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1
Q

What is weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks that are exposed to weather.

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2
Q

What is erosion?

A

The breakdown of rocks and removal of the resulting smaller rocks.

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3
Q

Name the 3 agents of erosion.

A

1) Moving air
2) Moving water
3) Moving ice

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4
Q

Give an example of mechanical weathering and explain how it occurs.

A

Freeze-Thaw Action:

Freeze thaw action occurs where there is precipitation and a temperature that rises above and falls below 0 degree centigrade.

I) By day rainwater gets into the cracks of rock

2) By night the water freezes and expands as the temperature drops below 0 degree centigrade
3) Over time the rock splits, resulting in sharp pieces of rock (know as scree) falling to the bottom of the mountain.

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5
Q

Give an example of chemical weathering and explain how it occurs.

A

Carbonation:

1) As rainwater falls it takes in carbon dioxide. This turns the rainwater into a weak carbonic acid (pH~5.5)
2) Limestone contains calcium carbonate. The acid rain reacts with the calcium carbonate and corrodes it.

Limestone is permeable, this makes the chemical weathering of carbonation easier.

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6
Q

What is a karst landscape?

A

A karst landscape is one where limestone is exposed due to lack of soil cover (e.g. The Burren Co. Clare)

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7
Q

Limestone pavements usually have clints and grikes, what is the difference between the two?

A

Clints are the “pillars”

Grikes are the “cuts”

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8
Q

What is the name given to the area where the rainwater disappears below the surface?

A

A swallow hole

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9
Q

What is the difference between a cave and a cavern?

A

A cave is a long passage that has been caused by the carbonated rainwater cutting through the limestone underground. A cavern is essential a bigger cave that has opened into a chamber.

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10
Q

What are stalactites?

A

A build up of calcite deposits on the roof of a cave.

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11
Q

How do stalactites form?

A

When drops of water containing calcium carbonate hang from the roof of a cave they leave behind calcite. This calcite builds up over time to form stalactites.

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12
Q

What are stalagmites?

A

Build ups of deposits of calcite on the floor of a cave.

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13
Q

How do stalagmites form?

A

Some drops of calcium carbonate fall to the floor of the cave and deposit calcite. This calcite builds up over time to form stalagmites.

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14
Q

What is the name given to the feature formed as a result of the joining of stalactites and stalagmites?

A

Pillars

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15
Q

Give 4 reasons why tourists are attracted to a named karst landscape in Ireland.

A

Tourists are attracted to the Burren, Co. Clare because of its:

1) Fauna - the Burren is home to a variety of animals such as the green moth, butterflies and wild goats.
2) Flora - rare orchids and ferns are found in the Burren.
3) Landscape - the cliffs of moher and other caves+cliffs attract climbers to the area.
4) History - the Burren has many historical buildings and artefacts such as portal dolmens and churches.

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16
Q

Explain how tourism has positively influenced the Burren and its surrounding areas.

A

Tourism has brought

1) employment to the area
2) a reduced out-migration rate
3) infrastructure (especially roads) has been improved, this benefits both tourists and those local to the area

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16
Q

Explain how tourism has negatively affected a named karst landscape.

A

The Burren, Co. Clare

1) There is an increased risk of damage to fauna (e.g. people walking on rare orchids)
2) There is a risk of damage to historical monuments (e.g. portal dolmens)
3) The quite and peaceful nature of the environment is spoiled by noise and air pollution

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17
Q

What is mass movement

A

Mass movement refers to the down slope movement of any loose material under the influence of gravity

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18
Q

What is the name given to the loose material the is moved?

A

Regolith

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19
Q

Name 4 factors which influence mass movement

A

1) Gradient
2) Water Content
3) Human Activity
4) Vegetation

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20
Q

How does gradient effect mass movement?

A

A steeper slope leads to faster mass movement

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21
Q

How does water content influence mass movement?

A

The water acts as a lubricant allowing the soil to move faster. It also saturates the soil increasing its weight and power

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22
Q

How does human activity influence mass movement?

A

The undercutting of slopes when building roads ect. makes the material loose

23
Q

How does vegetation influence mass movement?

A

Vegetation binds the soil together to prevent mass movement

24
Q

Name the three types of mass movement.

A

1) Soil creep
2) Landslides
3) Mudflows

25
Q

Mention 4 changes to a landscape the soil creep may bring.

A

1) Tilted telegraph poles
2) Tress grow at angles
3) Terraces
4) Broken walls

26
Q

When do landslides occur?

A

Landslides occur when a slope becomes unstable and when there has been heavy rain

27
Q

What is a mudflow?

A

Mudflows are the most rapid mass movement. They are rivers of rock, soil and water.

28
Q

What triggers mudflows?

A

Heavy rainfall on a steep slope. Mudflows may also be triggered by the heat of a volcanic eruption on a snow capped mountain

29
Q

Give an example of a mudflow.

A

The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombian Andes

30
Q

Describe how a named mudflow occurred.

A

Mudflow: Nevado del Ruiz

The volcano of Nevado del Ruiz erupted, melting the snow on the top of the mountain. This melted snow flowed down the mountain picking up rock, ash and soil

31
Q

Described the effects of a mudflow

A

The town of Armero was destroyed with 21’000 people killed and many more made homeless

32
Q

Name and briefly describe the 3 stages of a river.

A

1) The youthful (upper) stage: steep gradient; narrow floor; steep sides
2) The mature (middle) stage: less steep gradient; wider floor; more gently sloping sides
3) The old (lower) stage: near flat gradient; wide Vally floor; gentle sides

33
Q

State the three processes of a river.

A

1) Erosion
2) Transportation
3) Deposition

34
Q

Name and briefly describe the four processes that a river uses to erode rock.

A

1) Hydraulic action: the river breaks the material off of the bed and banks
2) Abrasion: The material hits the bed and banks
3) Attrition: The materials hit each other
4) Solution: Acids in the water dissolve some materials (e.g. Limestone)

35
Q

Describe how a river transports its load (rocks of varying mass).

A
  • Heavy rocks are rolled along its bed
  • Lighter rocks are bounced along the bed
  • Very light rocks are carried along suspended in the water
  • Dissolved particles are carried in solution
36
Q

Name any two features of the youthful river.

A

1) V-Shaped Valley
2) Interlocking Spurs
3) Waterfalls

37
Q

Describe, in detail, how a waterfall is formed.

A

To Do

38
Q

Name any two features of the mature river.

A
  • Meanders

- Floodplains

39
Q

Name any two features of the old river.

A

1) Oxbow lakes
2) Levees
3) Deltas

40
Q

Give an example of how people have worked with rivers outside of Ireland.

A

The Mississippi floods of 2001

41
Q

Describe how the Mississippi floods occurred.

A
  • The river would overflow following heavy rainfall and destroy crops
  • Authorities build levees
  • Levees prevent the river from overflowing its banks so it deposits its load on its bed. River rises
  • Authorities build higher levees
  • Due to heavy rainfall and melted snow from mountains (via tributaries) the river overflowed
42
Q

Describe the effects of the Mississippi flood.

A

1) 60 people died
2) Houses and other institutions were flooded
3) Animals drowned
4) Shipping interrupted

43
Q

Give an example of a time when Irish people worked with rivers.

A

The dam that give rise to Blessington lakes on the river Liffey

44
Q

Give three advantages of the dam on the river Liffey.

A

1) It generates hydroelectric for the ESB
2) The reservoir that built up behind it give water to Dublin City
3) Blessington lakes allows the people to use the water for recreational purposes e.g. fishing

45
Q

Give a disadvantage of the dam.

A

When the level of the dam once rose:

  • Hectares of farmland was flooded
  • Families had to leave their homes
  • Infrastructure had to be repaired
46
Q

Name the four processes that the sea uses to erode rock.

A

1) Hydraulic Action
2) Compressed Air
3) Abrasion
4) Attrition

47
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Rocks are thrown at the coast by the sea

48
Q

What is attrition?

A

Rocks hit off each other and wear themselves down in sand sized particles

49
Q

Give 5 examples of costal erosion landforms.

A

1) Blow hole
2) Sea stack
3) Cliff
4) Bay and Headland
5) Sea arch

50
Q

Differentiate between swash and backwash.

A

Swash is the frothy waster the forms as a wave breaks and goes up along the beech. Backwash is the water that runs back into the sea

51
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The process in which the swash and backwash mace material along the beech. The waves hit the coast at an angle

52
Q

Name 3 landforms of coastal deposition.

A

1) Beeches
2) Sand Dunes
3) Lagoons

53
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

A concrete wall built to protect coastal towns from the sea

54
Q

What are groynes?

A

Barriers built at right angles to the sea to slow down the process of longshore drift

55
Q

What are gebions?

A

Wire cages containing stones placed at the base of cliffs to prevent undercutting.

56
Q

Give 4 ways that people use the sea

A

1) Recreation
2) Transport
3) Food Supply
4) Jobs

Geography (4 decks)

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