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A-Level Russia 1891-1924 Pearson Edexcel > Chapter 3: Romanov rule (1906-1914) > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Romanov rule (1906-1914) Flashcards

1
Q

Did Stolypin want to strengthen Tsarism?

A

Yes.

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2
Q

What was the Rural Crisis?

A

Series of bad harvests. Severe famines.

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3
Q

Why were the peasants lacking security?

A
  • High price of land which led to
  • Heavy mortgage repayments which led to
  • Impoverishment
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What did Stolypin do to restore the peasant’s sense of security in 1906-7?

4 Things

A
  • Farmers urged to abandon inefficient strip system & replace it with fields as in Europe.
  • Peasants grouping in obschina was discouraged & incentives given to work individually.
  • Land Bank established to provide funds for individual peasants to buy land.
  • Large-scale voluntary resettlement of peasants with aim of colonising empire’s remoter areas (Many of these areas were already home to indigenous communities).
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5
Q

What did Stolypin define his peasant-strengthing policy as?

A

The “Wager on the strong”

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6
Q

Difficulties Stolypin faced:

A
  • Little time to change things
  • Peasantry was very traditional
    BUT
  • Tsarist tax returns showed that peasants were paying higher taxes & therefore were generating more profit
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7
Q

Would Stolypin’s agrarian reforms worked without war & his assassination?

A
  • Deep conservatism of Russian peasantry.
  • In 1914, strip system still widespread (only 16% of land into farms)
  • By 1913 Ministry of agriculture had begun to lose confidence in the policies.
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8
Q

What did Stolypin’s successes with the Duma show?

A

Presents how cooperation might have been achieved between the govt. & progressive opinion.

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9
Q

Witte aided the industry, and it saw an increase of output of _ % in the period of 1908-1914

A

The industry saw an increase in output of 8.5% between 1908-1914.

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10
Q

Average increase in industrial wages 1908-1914:

What did this aid?

A

Only 7%!
Aided dissatisfaction with the conditions- large number of strikes pre-1914 & ending with general strike IN 1914.

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11
Q

What view did Stolypin & Witte share?

A

The preservation of the Tsarist system.

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12
Q

When did the Duma come into being?

A

In the October manifesto

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13
Q

How many Dumas between the 1905 revolution & the 1917 revolution?

A

4

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14
Q

Which party held the minority & majority of seats in the 1st Duma?

A

Majority: Kadets
Minority: Octobrists

Mainly reformist parties.

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15
Q

Which party held the minority & majority of seats in the 2nd Duma?

A

Majority: Kadets
Minority: SRs

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16
Q

Which party held the minority & majority of seats in the 3rd Duma?

A

Majority: Octobrists
Minority: SDs (Bolsheviks)

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17
Q

Which party held the minority & majority of seats in the 4th Duma?

A

Majority: Octobrists
Minority: SDs (Bolsheviks).

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18
Q

1st Duma in:

A

1906

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19
Q

What is ‘Bi-cameral’ & how did this relate to the Duma?

A

Bi-cameral: parliment made up of two chambers
The Duma was Bi-cameral- ‘Lower’ chamber for elected public. ‘Higher’ chamber for state council, members appointed by Tsar.

Along with the caviat that no law could come into being without the Tsar’s approval, this took all real power away from the Duma.

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20
Q

Where was it announced that the Duma would be Bi-cameral?

A

The Fundamental laws.

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21
Q

2 Features in the Fundamental Laws that limited the power of the Duma:

A

⚖️ No law could be passed without the Tsar’s permission
🏛️ There would be two chambers: a ‘higher’ chamber for the Tsar’s appointees & a ‘lower’ chamber for the elected public.

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22
Q

Why did the Vyborg manifesto come into being?

A

The revolutionaries in the 1st Duma weren’t happy with the limitations of their rights and powers.
Their appeals to the Tsar were dismissed.
A group of Kadets set up an “appeal to the people”

23
Q

What did the Vyborg manifesto say?

A
  • Russian people should defy the government by:
    1. Refusing to pay taxes
    2. Disobeying conscription orders.
24
Q

What was the response of the Russian people to the Vyborg manifesto?

& who came into power as a result of this?

A

Scattered violence as opposed to passive disobedience as the Kadets had hoped.

The Tsar appointed Stolypin as cheif minister to deal with the fallout.

25
Q

How did Stolypin respond to the Vyborg Manifesto?

A

Severe repression. Martial law was declared & military courts set up.

26
Q

How many executions in Russia between 1906 & 1911?

What did this cause?

A

Over 2500 executions between 1906 and 1911.
“Stolypin’s Necktie”

27
Q

Was the Vyborg manifesto a success for the Kadets?

A

NO. Never fully recovered, discredited liberal cause & proved that Russia’s progress could only be achieved by revolution or extreme action.

28
Q

Second Duma in:

A

1907

29
Q

Did the Kadets gain seats before the 2nd Duma?

A

NO, they lost half of their seats that were then filled by SDs and SRs.

30
Q

Did the 2nd Duma contain moderate parties?

A

No- loss of majority of kadets meant that the feeling was strongly radical.

31
Q

Was Stolypin willing to work with the 2nd Duma?

A

Yes. But his land programme was strongly opposed.

32
Q

How did the 2nd Duma end?

A

Nicholas demanded assembly be dissolved.

33
Q

3rd Duma in:

A

1907-1912

34
Q

Why did the Tsar not just get rid of the Dumas?

A
  • Wanted to project a global image that Russia was democratic (his ministers were also in the midst of trade talks with Britain and France).
  • Duma was rendered unassertive by new voting system which meant they were dominated by right-wing parties (which were much less critical of the Tsar).
35
Q

Stolypin’s voting laws:

A

Peasants & workers lost the franchise.
Duma was as a result more right-wing and less revolutionary.

36
Q

Was the 3rd Duma cooperative?

A

Mostly. Stolypin could persue his land reforms without opposition but the Duma did question ministers and discuss state finances.

37
Q

Outcomes of the 3rd Duma:

A

Used committee system to:
* make proposals for modernising the armed services
* Pass bills for social reform such as national insurance for workers.

38
Q
A
39
Q

4th Duma in:

A

1912-1914

40
Q

Was the 4th Duma compliant?

A

More so than the previous ones, but it still criticized the Tsar’s govt.

41
Q

2 Reasons that social tensions grew in 1911:

A
  • Many disaffected workers
  • Unimaginative ministers who followed the course of harsh repression.
42
Q

How many political strikes in 1911 compared to 1914

A

1911: 24
1914: 2401

43
Q

What was the Lena Goldfields incident?

A
  • 1912
  • Demands for better pay & working conditions by miners.
  • Employers appealed to police to arrest the strike leaders as criminals.
  • Situation rapidly deteriorated: troops fired upon a large number on miners (270 dead)
    Became a national representation of trade union rights in Russia

Revealed worker militancy & government brutality.

44
Q

How did the general strike of 1914 start?

A

JULY 1914:
General strike in St Petersburg.
Many members of Duma openly supported the strikers.
Only Russia’s entry into WWI prevented the matter from getting out of hand.

45
Q

What developments in Europe had alarmed Russia?

(Second half of 19th Century)

A
  • Growth of a united Germany ready to expand.
  • Formation of Austro-Hungarian empire that could adopt an expansionist policy.
  • Decline of the Ottoman empire which threatened Russian interests in the Balkans.
46
Q

Why was Russia interested in the Balkans?

A
  • Tradition of protecting Slavic Christians from Turkish Islamics.
  • 75% of grain exports shipped though the Straits of the Dardanelles, so necessary to ensure that the Straits didn’t come under the control of a hostile power.
47
Q

Russian relationship with Germany:

A

Germany wanted to assert their influence in the Balkans and Near East. This prompted Russia to look for other agreements to counteract the Anglo-German threat.

48
Q

The Franco-Russian Convention

A

1892
Common fear of Germany
Each promised to provide military support should it go to war with Germany.
Economic cooperation (France was a major investor during the Great Spurt).

49
Q

The Triple Entente

A

1907
Franco-Russian Convention expanded to allow Britain.
General cooperation in the event of a war.

50
Q

Relationship with Austria-Hungary:

A

Competed for influence in the Balkans.

51
Q

Serbia

A

Russia supported Serbian nationalism.
Germany & Austria-Hungary warned Russia not to interfere.
Russia backed off, stating that Germany & A-H were the aggressors.

52
Q

The Balkan wars: outcome

A

Marginal gains for Russia.

53
Q

What did the political events of 1914 show

A

How vulnerable Russia’s status & security truly were.

54
Q

Why did Nicholas II have good reason to believe he was in a strong position in 1914?

8 of 8 (+2)

A
  • Tsardom emerged strong from 1905 revolution. Troops had remained loyal & main troublemakers had been overcome.
  • October Manifesto had not been a relinquishing of power (clear from Fundamental laws)
  • Dumas never became a threat to the Tsar’s power.
  • Liberals were not prepared to challenge the Tsar openly (but were never fully satisfied).
  • Revolutionary parties not considered to be capable of mounting a successful assault on the Tsarist institution (leaders in exile, edge of political scene)
  • Russia remained feared by European nations (Especially Germany who feared its military might)
  • Tsar was convinced only a minority of workers opposed his rule (He thought 4/5 were loyal). This is a problem the Tsar had always had to deal with.
  • Russia’s growth potential was large:
    Railways encouraged migration and the utilising of previously unused resources.
    The economy of both the Agricultural and Industrial sectors had grown by 6% by 1914. Major textile manufacturer (4th in world output).
55
Q

Was Tsardom doomed in 1914?

Economy

A

NO:
Russia was developing into a modern industrial state (growth of labour force, increased industrial production, foreign investment)

YES:
Too limited to provide good industrial base.
4/5 of population were still peasants, undermines claim that there had been significant industrial development.

A-Level Russia 1891-1924 Pearson Edexcel (5 decks)

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