Chapter 3 Review

Question 1

Why do researchers care about ethics?

Answer 1

Help determine what is or is not legitimate to do, or what “moral” research procedures involve

Influences how researchers carry out research

Researchers attempt to strike a balance between advancing knowledge and the rights of individuals

Question 2

Different Types of Scientific Misconduct

Answer 2

A researcher commits scientific misconduct when he or she falsifies, distorts, or plagiarizes data or methods

1. Research Fraud
2. Plagarism

Question 3

Research Fraud

Answer 3

occurs when a researcher fakes or invents data or fails to honestly and fully report how he or she conducted the study

Question 4

Plagiarism

Answer 4

occurs when a researcher steals the ideas or writings of another or uses them without citing the source Can happen knowingly but also unknowingly

Question 5

3 Types of Harm

Answer 5

1. Physical Harm
2. Psychological harm
3. Legal Harm

Question 6

Physical Harm

Answer 6

• Occuse very rarely
• For example, in a study on stress/anxiety researchers will ensure that there is just enough stimulation to be able to observe the effects

Question 7

Psychological harm

Answer 7

Some research creates high-anxiety, high-stress situations

-This can be generated in different types of studies

• These studies may involve deception

Milgram Study

Question 8

Legal harm

Answer 8

Researchers have the responsibility of not increasing participants’ chances of incarceration

Research-subject relationship and benefits to future researchers versus potential serious harm to innocent people

Question 9

Informed Consent

Answer 9

that participants have an understanding of the research objectives and research procedures prior to agreeing to participate in a study

Knowledgeable of the study and willing to participate

For the vast majority of research involving humans participation must be voluntary and informed consent is required

Question 10

Voluntary Consent

Answer 10

that individuals participate in research only of their own free will - and cannot be coerced

Question 11

Privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality

Answer 11

Researchers use a variety of methods that violate privacy

Confidentiality - researcher knows who the participants are. The public does not know the identity of the participants

Anonymity - no one- including the researcher knows the identities of the participants
Anonymity is more difficult to ensure

Question 12

Deception

Answer 12

Deception in social research involves lying to participants

Deception can be about
(1) true objectives of the study
(2) Tasks involved in the research
(3) Identify of the researcher as a researcher

It violates 2 main ethical principles voluntary consent and informed consent

Question 13

Special Populations

Answer 13

People who lack the necessary cognitive capacity to give valid informed consent or people in a weak position who might case aside their freedom to refuse in order to participate

Cognitive ability
Social location

Childcare, institutionalize

Question 14

Sponsor Involvement

Answer 14

1. Arriving at particular findings
   - There should be no restrictions on what findings can/cannot be published
2. Limits on how to conduct studies
   - Narrowing the scope of what can be done
3. Suppressing findings
   - Hiding results deemed negative by sponsor
   - Delaying the release of findings
4. Concealing the true sponsor
   - Hides interests and possible conflicts of interests