Chapter 3 - Researching Deviance and Criminality

Question 1

Variables in Research:

Answer 1

Independent Variable (IV): The cause or predictor.

Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome being measured.

Operationalizing Variables: Defining how variables will be measured.

Question 2

Qualitative Research:

Answer 2

Focuses on meaning and interpretation rather than numerical data

Question 3

Reliability and Validity in Research

Answer 3

Reliability: Consistency of measurement (e.g., if repeated, would it yield the same result?).

Validity: Whether a measurement accurately captures the concept it is supposed to study.

Question 4

Surveys advantages

Answer 4

Can be conducted on a large scale.
Allows for statistical analysis.

Question 5

Surveys disadvantages

Answer 5

Social desirability bias: People may not be truthful.

Limited depth of understanding (compared to field research).

Question 6

Secondary Data concerns

Answer 6

Reliability and validity
(Was data collected systematically?).

Missing or incomplete data.

examples: The Uniform Crime Report and the
National Incident-Based Reporting System

Question 7

OCAP principles

Answer 7

Ownership: Data belongs to the community.

Control: Communities decide how data is used.

Access: Communities determine who can access information.

Possession: Indigenous groups maintain data possession.

Question 8

Ethical issues

Answer 8

Respect for human dignity

Respect for free and informed consent

Respect for vulnerable persons

Respect for privacy and confidentiality

Respect for justice and inclusiveness

Balancing harm and benefits

Minimizing harm and maximizing benefit