Chapter 3 Pt 1 Flashcards
Hydrocarbons
Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
Make good fuels because carbon-hydrogen bonds store considerable energy
Non polar
Functional groups
Hydroxyl -OH found in (carbo hydrates, proteins, nuclei acids, and lipids)(ethanol)(polar because of electro negativity in oxygen)
Carbonyl- found in (carbo hydrates, and nucleic acids) acetaldehyde (polar)
Carboxyl- found in (proteins&lipids) (acetic acid)
Amino- found in (proteins, nucleic acids) ex (alanine)
Sulfhydryl- found in (proteins) ex (cysteine)
Phosphate- found in (nucleic acids) ex (glycerol phosphate)
Methyl- found in (proteins) ex (alanine)
Isomers/ structural isomers
Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms
Differences in the actual structure of the carbon skeleton (structural isomer)
Stereoisomers
Same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to this skeleton are arranged in space
Enantiomers
Subcategory of stereoisomers that mirror images of each other
Chiral molecule
Molecule that has mirror image versions
Characterized by their effect on polarized light
When carbon is bound to four different groups the resulting molecule is said to be chiral
Polymer
Long molecule built by linking together a large number of small similar chemical subunits called monomers
Carbon
Valence of 4
Dehydration reactions
Chemical reaction is called condensation
Carbohydrates
Loosely defined group of molecules that all contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen in the molar ratio 1:2:1
Monosaccharide
Means single sugar called simple sugars ex: glucose
Can exist as a linear or ring form
Fructose
Structural isomer that differs in the position of the carbonyl carbon
Fructose tastes much sweeter than glucose
Disaccharide
Transport forms of sugars are commonly made by linking two monosaccharides together
polysaccharides
Longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reactions
Starch
Cellulose
Storage polysaccharide consists entirely of alpha molecules linked in long chains . Starch with the simplest structure is amylose
A structural polysaccharide also consists of glucose molecules linked in chains but they are beta-glucose
Maltose
Organisms store the metabolic energy contained in monosaccharides by converting them into disaccharides
These are then linked together into insoluble polysaccharides called starches
Glycogen
Comparable molecule to starch in animals
Insolvable polysaccharide containing branched amylose chains. Has a longer average chain length and more branches than plant starch
Chitin
Structural material found in Arthropoda and many fungi, is a polymer of a substituted version of glucose
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic acids carry info inside cells
Genetic info is stored in DNA
Consists of 2 polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions wrapped about a single helical axis
RNA-ribonucleic acid
Short lived copies of genetic info
Contain ribose sugars
Nucleotides
long polymers of repeating subunits
Consists of three components: pentose (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate, and an organic nitrogenous base
Can form polymers by joining phosphate of one nucleotide to a hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide
Nucleotide (cont)
5 types of nitrogenous bases
Two are large double ring molecules called purines that can be found in DNA and RNA. The two purines are adenine and guanine
The other 3 are single ring molecules called pyramid in es that include cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Proteins and amino acids
Proteins are linear polymers made with 20 different amino acids
Protein is composed of one or more long unbranded chain called a polypeptide
Amino acids contain an amino group and an acidic carboxyl group
20 different amino acids grouped into five chemical classes based on their r group
Nonpolar amino acids; leucine. Often have R groups that contain CH2 or CH3
Polar uncharged, threonine, r group contains oxygen
Charged amino acids, glutamic acid, r group contains acids or bases that can ionize
Aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, r group contain an organic carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds, nonpolar
Amino acids that have special functional have unique properties, methionine
Tertiary structure
Final folded shape of a globular protein
Stabilized by hydrogen bonding between R groups of different amino acids
Quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, the individual chains are referred to as subunits of the protein. The arrangement of the subunits is quaternary structure
4 structural elements in nucleotide base
Phosphate
3 prime hydroxyl
