Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DH60 - Embryology, Histology, & Anatomy > Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define embryology

A

study of prenatal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Duration of prenatal dev.

A

start of pregnancy - birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 distinct successive periods are

A

preimplantation, embryonic period, and fetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The first trimester includes which 2 periods

A

preimplantation and embryonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The last two trimesters include which period

A

fetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is primordium

A

earliest indication of a tissue type or an organ during prenatal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define congenital malformations

A

birth defects that are evident at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which period and trimester do congenital malformations occur

A

first, implantation and embryonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How common are malformations

A

3/100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the leading cause of infant death

A

congenital malformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define amniocentesis (amniotic fluid test), and how is it done

A

prenatal diagnostic procedure to detect chromosomal abnormalities. amniotic fluid is removed and the fetal cells are grown for study of the chromosomes and sampled for determination of other complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what cells are related to implantation period, and what occurs?

A

zygote turn into blastocyst. fertilization and implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

preimplantation period consists of which week/s?

A

first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

embryonic period consists of which week/s?

A

second - eighth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which cells and structure are related to the embryonic period, and what happens?

A

disk > embryo > folded embryo. induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fetal period consists of which week/s?

A

third - ninth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what forms during fetal period, and what happens?

A

embryo > fetus, maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what causes malformation?

A

genetic factors (chromosome abnormalities), environmental agents and factors (infections, drugs, and radiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are considered to be teratogens

A

infections, drugs, and radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

zygote is

A

a fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many chromosomes results in the final stages of meiosis

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

XX chromosomes =

A

female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

XY chromosomes =

A

male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the zygote after fertilization

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

after initial cleavage during mitosis, what happens?

A

solid ball of cells from initial cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a blastocyst forms from

A

a zygote that has fluid secreted by cells within the morula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is mitosis

A

individual cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis happens during tissue growth or regeneration, meiosis happens during fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what happens during meiosis

A

ovum and sperm chromosomes join during fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the self-duplication of the chromosomes of the parent cell and their equal distribution to daughter cells

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

trophoblast layer is the

A

outside layer of the blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

embryoblast layer is

A

the inner mass of embryonic cells in a blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the trophoblast layer do

A

gives rise to the embryo during the prenatal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what chromosome is responsible for down syndrom

A

extra chromosome 21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define induction, and which period does it belong to

A

first process during embryonic period, one group of cells on another that leads to establishment of the developmental pathway in the responding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what process follows induction, and what is it

A

proliferation during embryonic period, controls levels of cell growth present during prenatal dev.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is appositional growth

A

tissue gets bigger by addition of layers on outside of structure

38
Q

what happens during ectopic pregnancy

A

the zygote is implanted in the fallopian tube instead of uterus

39
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

growth that’s deep within tissue type or organ

40
Q

is hard tissue growth appositional?

A

yes

41
Q

Is soft tissue growth is what kind of growth

A

intersitial

42
Q

which tissue types use both growth methods

A

cartilage and immature bone tissue

43
Q

what is differentiation during growth

A

dividing cells change their functional or phenotypical type; different rate of growth for different internal tissue types and organs

44
Q

cytodifferentiation is

A

dev. of diff. cell types

45
Q

histodifferentiation

A

dev. of dif. histologic tissue types within structur

46
Q

morphodifferentiation

A

dev. of differing morphology

47
Q

what is morphology

A

structure or shape of each organ or system

48
Q

what is morphogenesis

A

process of dev. of specific tissue stru. or shape

49
Q

why does morphogenesis occur

A

it occurs due to the migration or proliferation of embryonic cells, which is follwed by the inductive interaction of those cells

50
Q

maturation of tissue types and organs begin during which period

A

embryologic

51
Q

what week does embryonic period end on, and what is recogniable

A

eighth, embryo

52
Q

what is the germ layer, and where is it

A

embryonic cell layer within blastocyst

53
Q

what is bilaminar embryonic disk

A

flattened 3D circular plate of bilayered cells consisting of superior epiblast and inferior hypoblast

54
Q

what cells make up epiblast layer

A

high columnar cells

55
Q

what cells make up the hypoblast layer

A

small cuboidal cells

56
Q

what layer does the amniotic cavity face

A

epiblast

57
Q

what layer does the yolk sac face

A

hypoblast

58
Q

what serves as initial nourishment for the disk

A

yolk sac

59
Q

what connects momma and embryo

A

endometrial tissue of placenta and trophoblast layer of blastocyte

60
Q

what flows through the umbilical cord

A

selective exchange of soluble bloodborne substances, o2, co2, nutritional and hormonal substances

61
Q

what is the primitive streak

A

forms inside bilaminar disc, is furrowed, rod shaped thickening in the middle of the disk

62
Q

what does the primitive streak do to the bilaminar embryonic disk

A

causes disc to have bilateral symmetry, left and right half

63
Q

what is mesoderm and what creates it

A

embryonic connective tissue, made of epiblast and hypoblast cells

64
Q

what makes up the trilaminar embryonic disc

A

mesoderm, embryonic endoderm, and epiblast layer (ectoderm)

65
Q

what tissue does ectoderm give rise to

A

skin epidermis, CNS, plus more

66
Q

What tissues do the mesoderm give rise to

A

connective tissues (skin dermis), cartilage, bone, blood, muscle, and other associated tissue.

67
Q

The endoderm gives rise to what?

A

the respiratory epithelium and cells of glands

68
Q

cephalic end

A

head end

69
Q

what membrane forms at the cephalic end, and what embryonic disc layer does it consist of?

A

oropharyngeal, ectoderm externally and endoderm internally. No mesoderm

70
Q

where is the oropharyngeal membrane located and why is it significant

A

future primitive mouth (stomodeum) of the embryo, it’s the start of the digestive tract

71
Q

what is the caudal end

A

the tail end

72
Q

what membrane form at caudal end, what what will grow there in the future

A

caudal membrane, anus/terminal end of the digestive tract

73
Q

which layer of the embryonic disc creates the neuroectoderm, which is the start of the spinal cord and brain

A

ectoderm

74
Q

where are neuroectoderm cells

A

neural plate of embryo

75
Q

what are the stages of spine creation

A

neuroectoderm at neural plate, this extends length of embryo from cephalic to caudal end, with growth it will deepen and invaginate inward creating neural groove, the groove deepens and is surrounded by neural folds, more growth results a neural tube

76
Q

what forms the future spinal chord

A

neural tube and other neural tissue of CNS

77
Q

what creation developes face and neck structures

A

mesenchyme

78
Q

what is the neural crest cells

A

deriving from neuroectoderm, they migrate from neural folds to join with mesoderm which forms mesenchyme. also considered as 4th embryonic cell layer

79
Q

three major regions of the digestive tube

A

foregut (anterior), midgut, and hindgut (both posterior)

80
Q

what period do all essential external and internal structures form, thus most critical

A

embryonic

81
Q

ectodermal dysplasia is what and which period screws it up if disturbed

A

weird teeth, hair, skin, nails, eyes, face structure, and glands since they derive from ectoderm during embryonic period

82
Q

anodontia

A

absence of some or all teeth in

83
Q

somites are

A

when mesoderm differentiates and divides on each side of neural tube into 38 paired cuboidal segments of mesoderm

84
Q

What is Treacher collins synd. (mandibulofacial dysostosis)

A

failure of ncc’s migration to facial region. specific areas of orofacial development fails (downward slanting eyes), underdeveloped xzygomatic bone, drooping lateral lower eyelids, and conductive hearling loss, with malformed or absent ears, dental dev. disturbances (anodontia, enamel dysplasia, micrognathia (small lower jaw).

85
Q

rubella is caused by, and can result in

A

cuased by teratogens, cataracts, heart defects, deafness

86
Q

syphilis is caused by and can result in

A

teratogen, defects in the incisors and molars, blindness, deafness, and possibly paralysis

87
Q

fetal alcohol syndrom

A

mental disabilities, small head circum., low nose bridge, short nose, small midface, wide spaced eyes, epicanthic folds and eyelid fissures, unclear philtrum, and thin upper lip. Also, oral changes, like croding, mouth breathing, open bite, and gum disease bc of finger sucking habit

88
Q

what does radiation potentially do during prenatal growth

A

injure embryonic cells = cell death, chromosome injury, delay mental and physical growth

89
Q

what is spina bifida

A

failure of fusion of the neural tube defects the vertebral arches and various degrees of disability.

90
Q

which period do embryo’s begin breathing

A

third week of prenat. dev.

91
Q

which period do fetases heart beat and move

A

end of fourth month

DH60 - Embryology, Histology, & Anatomy (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions