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Secret Key Cryptography > Chapter 3 - preliminary concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - preliminary concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three identities of a byte?

A
  • It’s a string of 8 logical or false values
  • It’s an 8 bit binary number
  • It’s a representation of some character(e.g., letter, digit, punctuation, part of a logogram)
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2
Q

What is a function?

A
  • Takes one or more values and returns another values as a result
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3
Q

What are the values passed into a function called?

A
  • Arguments
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4
Q

What is the value returned by a function called?

A
  • result
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5
Q

If a function is denoted by a symbol what is it called?

A
  • An operator
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6
Q

If there is one argument for an operator where is the operator placed?

A
  • In front of the argument
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7
Q

If there are two arguments for an operator where is the operator placed?

A
  • In between the arguments
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8
Q

If a function contains letters as arguments how are the arguments represented?

A
  • arguments are contained in parenthesis and each is separated by a coma
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9
Q

What are boolean operators?

A
  • Functions that operate on bits that represent truth values
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10
Q

What are the properties of the logical ‘not’ operator?

A
  • Functions that operate on bits that represent truth values
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11
Q

What are the properties of the logical ‘and’ operator?

A
  • Functions that operate on bits that represent truth values
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12
Q

What are the properties of the logical ‘or’ operator?

A
  • Functions that operate on bits that represent truth values
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13
Q

What are the properties of the logical ‘or’ operator?

A
  • A xor B, is true if exactly one of A or B is true, otherwise it is false
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14
Q

How is the logical ‘and’ operator represented?

A
  • with the character ‘/\’
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15
Q

How is the logical ‘or’ operator represented?

A
  • with the character ‘\/’
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16
Q

Which operator is used extensively in cryptography?

A
  • XOR
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17
Q

What is an exponential?

A
  • a number that is multiplied by itself a specified number of times
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18
Q

How is an exponential expression BE read?

A
  • B to the E power
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19
Q

Given an exponential expression BE .What is B and E?

A
  • ‘B’ is the base and ‘E’ is the exponent
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20
Q

If N is any number then what is N1

A
  • it’s the number ‘N’
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21
Q

By convention what is N0 given N is non zero

A
  • 1
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22
Q

By convention what is 00

A
  • 0
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23
Q

What is meant by writing a decimal number 3456

A
  • 3×1000+4×100+5×10+6×1
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24
Q

What is exponential representation of a decimal number 3456

A
  • 3×103 + 4×102+5×101+6×100
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25
Q

What is a way exponents are used in cryptography?

A
  • exponents are used to convert letters to numbers
26
Q

How can large numbers be represented?

A
  • they can be represented in exponential notation
27
Q

What is another term used for exponential notation?

A
  • scientific notation
28
Q

How is 12,300,000 represented in scientific notation?

A
  • 1.23 x 107
29
Q

How are integers > 1 classified?

A
  • They’re either prime or composite numbers
30
Q

When is a number called a composite?

A
  • When the number is a product of two smaller numbers
31
Q

When is a number called a prime?

A
  • When the number is not product of two smaller numbers
32
Q

What number is neither prime or composite?

A
  • 1
33
Q

What is an important property of the number 1?

A
  • It’s neither a prime or a composite number
34
Q

What is an important property of prime numbers?

A
  • any number can be written as the product of prime numbers in only one way (aside from the order of the factors)
35
Q

What are the prime factors of a number?

A
  • the set of prime numbers that can evenly divide the number
36
Q

What is an important characteristic of a set of prime factors of an integer?

A
  • the set of prime factors is unique for the integer
37
Q

What is the process of determining the prime factors of an integer?

A
  • Factoring or Factorization
38
Q

What is the term for two numbers that have no prime factors in common?

A
  • They are called coprime
39
Q

What does it mean if two numbers are coprime ?

A
  • They don’t have any common prime factors
40
Q

What is another way of saying a number is coprime?

A
  • The number is mutually prime
41
Q

If N is an integer then what two numbers are always coprime?

A
  • N and 1
42
Q

When are N and 0 coprime?

A
  • When N is 1
43
Q

When two numbers are always coprime?

A
  • N and N+1
44
Q

What is the result when two integers are divided?

A
  • A quotient and a remainder
45
Q

Given positive integers A and B. What is the result when dividing A by B?

A
  • A quotient and a remainder
46
Q

Given positive integers A and B. If A is divided by B? What is the term for B

A
  • B is the divisor
47
Q

What is a divisor?

A
  • Given positive integers A and B. If A is divided by B then B is the divisor
48
Q

Given positive integers A and B. If A is divided by B. What is a remainder?

A
  • The remainder is A-QB
49
Q

Given positive integers A and B. If A is divided by B. What is a quotient?

A
  • The quotient Q is the largest number such that Q * B doesn’t exceed A
50
Q

What is modulo arithmetic?

A
  • The study of remainders
51
Q

What is ignored in modulo arithmetic?

A
  • The quotient
52
Q

What is the divisor called in modulo arithmetic?

A
  • The modulus
53
Q

What is the remainder called in modulo arithmetic?

A
  • The residue
54
Q

Given a modulus is N and two numbers X and Y have the same residue what is the term for X and Y

A
  • X and Y are said to be congruent modulo N
55
Q

if X and Y are said to be congruent modulo N what is true

A
  • X and Y both have a modulus of N and they have the same residue
56
Q

if X and Y are said to be congruent modulo N what is true

A
  • X and Y both have a modulus of N and they have the same residue
57
Q

How is it written given X and Y are congruent modulo N

A
  • X ≡ Y Mod(N)
58
Q

What does the expression ‘X mod Y’ do?

A
  • It gives the remainder of dividing X by Y
59
Q

What is the additive inverse of a number A?

A
  • It’s the opposite of the number A
60
Q

If you add a number with it’s additive inverse what do you get?

A
  • 0
61
Q

What is the multiplicative inverse of a number?

A
  • It’s the inverse of the number
62
Q

What do you get if you multiply a non-zero number by it’s multiplicative inverse?

A
  • 1

Secret Key Cryptography (4 decks)

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