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PSC 1010 > Chapter 3 - Plant Structure (PPT) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Plant Structure (PPT) Flashcards

1
Q

How are plant cells different from other cells? What are the functions of these structures?

A
  • Cell wall: enable plants to be rigid and grow tall

- Chloroplasts: help plants make their own food

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2
Q

Meristems (tissue)

A
  • Located at growing points
  • Regions of rapidly diving cells
  • Responsible for MOST plant growth
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3
Q

Meristem (tissue) types

A
  • Apical: located at root or shoot tips
  • Intercalary: special type grasses have that allows them to be mowed
  • Secondary (vascular cambium): makes tree rings and expands their trunks
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4
Q

Epidermis (tissue)

A
  • Like plant skin
  • Often covered by waxy cuticle
  • In woody plants is eventually replaced by bark on older tissues
  • Allows for gas and water exchange through stomata
  • May also have trichomes (hairs or spines)
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5
Q

Periderm (Bark) (Tissue)

A
  • extra protection
  • made from cork cells
  • suberin in bark cells repels water
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6
Q

Phloem (tissue)

A
  • Vascular tissue that moves food around plants
  • LIVING
  • Has fibers for strength (think celery)
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7
Q

Xylem (tissue)

A
  • Vascular tissue that moves water up through the plant
  • DEAD when mature
  • Woody parts of plants is old, dead xylem
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8
Q

Roots (organ)

A
  • support/anchor the plant

- take up water and nutrients (especially root hairs)

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9
Q

Roots (organs) Name three types

A

-Adventitious roots: arise from organs that are NOT roots, ESSENTIAL for some plant propagation

Types: contractile roots, brace or prop roots, holdfasts of vines

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10
Q

Tuberous roots

A

thickened and fleshy for storage (sweet potato, dahlia)

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11
Q

How do you know it’s a root?

A

NO eyes (buds)

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12
Q

Stems (organs)

A
  • have nodes and internodes

- have buds

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13
Q

Stems - description

A

-compressed juvenile stems, most have scales (but some don’t)

  • Terminal
  • Axillary (lateral)
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14
Q

Stems - bud arrangements

A
  • Alternate: 1 bud per node
  • Opposite: 2 buds per node
  • Whorled: 3+ buds per node
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15
Q

Modified Stems (name types)

A
  • Tubers (potatoes)
  • Corms (gladiolus, crocus)
  • Bulbs (mostly leaves): Tunicate (onion) or Scaly (lily)
  • Rhizomes and stolons: horizontal stems
  • Runners
  • Crown (herbaceous perennials): part of stem near soil surface (can be divided)
  • Spur (some fruit trees): short stem where flowers and fruit appear
  • Suckers (at the base of the tree)
  • Watersprouts (up in canopy)
  • Tendrils
  • Thorns, spines, & prickles
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16
Q

Leaves (organ)

A
  • Usually where photosynthesis takes place

- Blade, Apex, Vein, Mid rib, Petiole, Stipule, Axil

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17
Q

Simple Leaves

A

-the blade is not divided

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18
Q

Compound Leaves

A

The leaf blade is DIVIDED into leaflets

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19
Q

Leaf Venation Types

A
  • Pinnate
  • Palmate

Compound Leaf Venation examples: palmately compound where each leaf has pinnate venation, pinnately compound where each leaflet has pinnate venation

20
Q

Leaf structure

A
  • Upper Epidermis
  • Mesophyll: Palisade layer (spongy)
  • Lower Epidermis
  • Veins
21
Q

Modified Leaves

A

-Bracts (right below flower, may be large and colorful)

22
Q

Fall Color Leaves

A
  • Chlorophyll is lost
  • Xanthophyll (yellow), carotene (orange) become visible
  • Anthocyanins (reds, purples) intensify - especially with sunny days and cool nights
23
Q

Leaf Abscission (falling)

A
  • Shorter days (or stress) triggers

- Suberin forms an abscission layer (seals wound, leaf falls easily)

24
Q

Juvenility

A

Juvenile plants CANNOT flower - even under the correct conditions

  • Juvenile citrus often have thorns
  • Juvenile oaks and beeches often hold onto dried leaves throughout winter
25
Q

Phase Change

A
  • Juvenility can last a few weeks to many years

- Triggers: age (weeks to years), size, temperature (usually cool)

26
Q

Flowers (Organs) - Name their parts

A
  • Corolla (all petals)
  • Calyx (all sepals)
  • Nectaries
27
Q

Complete vs. Incomplete flowers

A

Complete: has calyx, corolla, pistil and stamen

Incomplete: missing one or more of those parts

28
Q

Perfect vs. Imperfect flowers

A

Perfect: has both sexual parts (pistil and stamen)

Imperfect: has only pistil OR only stamen

29
Q

Regular vs. Irregular flowers

A

Regular: displays radial symmetry

Irregular: displays bilateral symmetry

30
Q

Monoecious vs. Dioecious flowers

A

Monoecious (one house): plant has male AND female flowers OR perfect flowers

Dioecious (two houses): one plant has ONLY male flowers or ONLY female flowers

31
Q

Flower Inflorescence types

A

Solitary, Spike, Raceme, Panicle, Corymb, Umbel, Compound Umbel, Cyme, Capitulum (composite head)

32
Q

Fruits (Organ)

A
  • ripened ovary and/or associated parts
  • sometimes called pericarp
  • has layers: endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp
33
Q

Multiple fruits

A
  • several flowers fuse during ripening
  • have a core
  • pineapple, fig, mulberry, beet seeds
34
Q

Aggregate fruits

A
  • several ovaries are produced by one flower

- raspberries, blackberries, strawberries

35
Q

Simple fruits

A

-two types: fleshy and dry

36
Q

Fleshy fruits - Berry

A
  • berry: tomato, blueberry, eggplant, cranberry (NOT strawberries or raspberries!)
  • pepo: has a thick, hard rind at maturity (squash, melons)
  • hesperidium: juicy flesh is segmented, leathery rind (citrus)
37
Q

Fleshy fruits - Dupe

A
  • fleshy, one-seeded fruit with a stony endocarp (pit)
  • cherry, plum, peach, almond
  • has an ASS
38
Q

Fleshy fruits - Pome

A
  • endocarp is cartilaginous (core)

- apple, pear, quince

39
Q

Dry Fruits

A

-dehiscent and indehiscent

40
Q

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent

A
  • splits naturally at maturity*
  • Follice: splits on one seam (milkweed & delphinium)
  • Legume (pod): splits on two seams (all bean family! Fabaceae)
  • Silique: splits on two seams, but chamber is split down the middle with a wall-like structure (Brassicaceae family - mustards)
  • Capsule: splits on multiple sutures at maturity (poppy & okra)
41
Q

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

A
  • does NOT split naturally at maturity, usually one or 2 seeds*
  • Caryopsis: one-seeded fruit with fused pericarp and seed coat (corn, many grasses)
  • Achene: one-seeded fruit where the pericarp separates easily (sunflower seeds, strawberry seeds)
  • Samara: one- or two-seeded fruit with wing-like outgrowths (helicopter seed thingies, maple, ash, elm)
  • Nut: extremely hardened pericarp (oaks, pecans, walnuts)
  • Schizocarp: compound fruit with two single-seeded halves (carrot, parsley, dill)
42
Q

Parthenocarpic fruit

A
  • fruits that form WITHOUT fertilization (seedless)

- banana, navel orange

43
Q

Seeds (organ)

A
  • Develop as a result of fertilization

- Parts: Embryo, seed coat (except gymnosperms), food storage

44
Q

Apomixis

A
  • process where seeds develop WITHOUT fertilization (clones)
  • not common, but useful
  • occurs frequently in citrus
45
Q

Germination

A

-water enters the seed and the embryo emerges

46
Q

Epigeous (bean) vs hypogeous (pea) germination

A
  • Epigeous: seed raises above ground

- Hypogeous: seed stays underground

PSC 1010 (14 decks)

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