Chapter 3 Phonology

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

The study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other.

Question 2

Phonetic Inventories

Answer 2

Sounds that are produced as part of the language.

Question 3

Phonotactic Constraints

Answer 3

Restrictions on the possible combinations of sounds.

Question 4

Sound substitution

Answer 4

A process whereby sounds that already exist in a language are used to replace sounds that do no exist in the language when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word.

Question 5

Phonetic Environment

Answer 5

The sounds that come before and after a particular sound of a word.

Question 6

Contrastive Distribution

Answer 6

The occurrence of sounds in a language such that their use distinguishes between the meanings of the words in which they appear, indicating that those sounds are phonemes of the language in question.

Question 7

Complementary Distribution

Answer 7

The occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment. Sounds that are in complimentary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme.

Question 8

Free Variation

Answer 8

Term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words.

Question 9

Phonological Rules

Answer 9

The description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears.

Question 10

Conditioning Environment

Answer 10

Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change.

Question 11

Assimilation

Answer 11

A process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some feature(s).

Question 12

Basic Allophone

Answer 12

The allophone of a phoneme that is used when nine of the change -inducing conditions are fulfilled. Of a set of allophones, it is generally the least limited in where it can occur; also termed the elsewhere allophone.

Question 13

Restricted Allophone

Answer 13

An allophone of a phoneme that appears in a more limited set of phonetic environments.

Question 14

Phoneme

Answer 14

A set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of thew same sound.

Question 15

Allophone

Answer 15

Each member of a phoneme set which corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker.

Question 16

Noncontrastive

Answer 16

A term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language.

Question 17

Contrastive

Answer 17

A term used to describe two sounds that can be used to differentiate words in a language.

Question 18

Underlying Form

Answer 18

The phonetic form of a word of morpheme before phonological rules are applied.

Question 19

Palatalization

Answer 19

A process wherein a sound takes on a palatal place of articulation, usually in assimilation to high or mid front vowels like [I] or [e].