Chapter 3 - Phonology

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

the study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other.

Question 2

phonetic inventories

Answer 2

the sounds that are produced as part of the language

Question 3

Phonotactic constraints

Answer 3

Restrictions on the possible combinations of sounds

Question 4

Sound substitution

Answer 4

Speakers use their native language to replace non- native sounds when pronouncing the words of foreign language.

Question 5

Contrastive

Answer 5

a term that is used to describe two sounds that can be used to differentiate words in a language

Question 6

Non- contrastive

Answer 6

Term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language.

Question 7

Phoneme

Answer 7

a set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound.

Question 8

Allophone

Answer 8

Each member of a particular phoneme set. Various ways that a phoneme is pronounced.

Question 9

Minimal pair

Answer 9

Defined as two words (with different meanings whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound.

Question 10

Contrastive Distribution

Answer 10

Two sounds occurring in the same phonetic environment and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word.

Question 11

Complementary Distribution

Answer 11

Complementary in distribution of sounds.

Question 12

Obstruent

Answer 12

Produced with an obstruction of the airflow.

Question 13

Sonorants

Answer 13

Segments produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow.

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

Cause a sound or gesture to become more like a neighboring sound.

Question 15

Palatalization

Answer 15

A special type of assimilation in which the consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal.

Question 16

Dissimilation

Answer 16

Cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Question 17

Manner Dissimilation

Answer 17

Stop becoming a fricative when followed by another stop.

Question 18

Aspiration

Answer 18

Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

Question 19

Weakening

Answer 19

Cause sounds to become weaker. Ex. The [ɾ] is weaker than a /t/ because it is shorter and it obstructs air less.

Question 20

Flapping

Answer 20

Alveolar stop is realized as [ɾ] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before and unstressed vowel.

Question 21

Obligatory Rules

Answer 21

Include aspiration, vowel nasalization, vowel lengthening and liquid and glide devoicing.

Question 22

Optional Phonological Rules

Answer 22

Responsible for variation in speech.

Question 23

Phonetic environment

Answer 23

Sounds that come before and after in a word.

Question 24

Free Variation

Answer 24

Sounds that are interchangeable in word final positions,

Question 25

Underlying form

Answer 25

The mapping between the phonemic forms. Ex. Phonemic form -> Rules -> Phonetic Forms.