Chapter 3 - Organic Molecules and Cells

Question 1

Organic Compounds

Answer 1

Substances containing the element carbon. Most contain hydrogen and many contain oxygen or other elements.

Question 2

Hydrophobic

Answer 2

Type of water molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar

Question 3

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 3

Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and the OH- in the other

Question 4

Phospholipids

Answer 4

Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell’s membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two non polar, hydrophobic tails

Question 5

Denaturation

Answer 5

Loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH or temperature

Question 6

Hydrocarbons

Answer 6

A hydrocarbon is a molecule that consists primarily of hydrogen and carbon. Other atoms may be present in place of the hydrogen atoms in some places. Examples of hydrocarbons include Methane (CH4), toluene.

Question 7

Polymer

Answer 7

Macromolecules consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids

Question 8

Glycogen

Answer 8

Storage polysaccharide that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches

Question 9

Steroid

Answer 9

Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone

Question 10

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 10

Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms

Question 11

Isomers

Answer 11

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure, and therefore a different shape

Question 12

Monomer

Answer 12

Small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer - e.g. glucose is a monomer of starch

Question 13

Starch

Answer 13

Storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains

Question 14

Enzyme

Answer 14

Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape

Question 15

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 15

Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms; mess

Question 16

Functional Groups

Answer 16

Specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way

Question 17

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 17

The removal of water

Question 18

Cellulose

Answer 18

Polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls

Question 19

Amino Acids

Answer 19

Organic molecule having an amino group and an acid group, which covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules

Question 20

Hydrophilic

Answer 20

Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules

Question 21

Saturated Fat

Answer 21

Fatty acid molecules that lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain

Question 22

Peptide Bond

Answer 22

Type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids

Question 23

Know and be able to identify the functional groups listed in your test

Answer 23

he chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule. They are the parts involved in chemical reactions and give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties. Some basic functional groups are Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl.

Question 24

List and describe the 4 classes of large molecules

Answer 24

Carbohydrates* - Polysaccharide
Lipids - Fat
Proteins* - Polypeptide
Nucleic Acids* - DNA, RNA

Question 25

Know what proteins are made of and how the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure is formed

Answer 25

Primary Protein is that in which different amino acids are arranged in linear sequence. e.g Typical inter-cellular proteins.
Secondary Protein is that in which different amino acids are arranged in the form of Helix.
Tertiary Proteins are those which have folded into 3D folds e.g many enzymes
Quaternary Proteins contain usually more than one chain of polypeptides which are arranged in 3D folds e.g in Hemoglobin molecule.