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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 3: Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of the brain and nervous system

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2
Q

How do scientists study the nervous system?

A
  1. Autopsy
  2. Patients with brain damage
  3. Electroencephalograms (EEG)
  4. Animal studies
  5. Neuro-imaging
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3
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

TMS - delivers an electronic pulse to a targeted area of the brain, disrupting localized brain activity in a conscious person. If following a pulse to a specific part of the brain and a person then shows impaired performance of a task it can be inferred that the brain area pulsed has a role in the specific task.

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4
Q

What is neuroimaging?

A

Techniques that allow the study of brain activity and structure by providing visual brain images of awake humans.

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5
Q

Explain

  1. Computerized axial tomography
  2. Magnetic resonance imaging
  3. Diffuser tensor imaging
A
  1. CAT or CT. 2D X-ray of organs. Can be done in slices. Best for detecting brain disease + some forms of cancer.
  2. MRI: 3D image, great detail. Best for soft tissue (ligaments tendons).
  3. DTI: measures orientation and integrity of white matter. Produces a colour map. Best for concussions (mTBI: mild traumatic brain injury).
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6
Q

What is functional neuroimaging?
Describe:
1. Positron emission tomography
2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

Tells us about brain activities during specific functions.

  1. PET: radiation injected into blood then used to measure brain activity.
  2. fMRI: changes in blood flow & amount of oxygenated hemoglobin after a magnetic pulse.
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7
Q

What is a neuron ?
A group of neurons is a_______
How do they communicate?
What is the other type of cell found in he nervous system?

A

The fundamental building block of the nervous system and is a nerve cell.

Network

With electrical and chemical signals

Glia

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8
Q

What are the main structures of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites: revive information from other neurons
  2. Cell body: receives info from dendrites
  3. Axon: carries message to terminal buttons
  4. Myelin sheath: glial cell that covers sections of the axon to insulate and speed the rural impulses.
  5. Axon Terminal buttons: form junctions with other cells and release chemicals called neurotransmitters.
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9
Q

What are glia?

A

Glia buffer the neurons from the rest of the body, control the nutrient supply to neurons, destroy and remove diseases and dead neurons and provide axons with myelin sheath

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10
Q

What are the different types of glial cells?

A
  1. Astoglia: shaped like stars, creates the blood brain barrier. Regulate the flor of blood to different regions. Absorb and cleanup chemicals & migrate to brain injury, multiply and form glial scar.
  2. Oligondroglia: central nervous system & 3. Schwann: peripheral nervous system; provide myelin sheath. MS patients loose myelin sheath.
  3. Ependymal: line the walls of ventricles, fluid filled spaces in the brain. Create and secrete cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) which fills the ventricles and surrounds the brain with fluid. Blood cerebralspinal fluid barrier.
  4. Micoglia: cleaning up debris from normal functioning. Important defender against infection and illness.
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11
Q

What is the rating potential of a neuron?

A

The electrical charge of a neuron at rest. Hodgkin & Huxley discovered that that an inactive neuron has a stable negative resting charge (resting potential) around -70millivolts. This means the inside of the resting neuron is approx 70millivolts less than the outside of the neuron.

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12
Q

What is concentration gradient?

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

The difference in the concentration of sodium ions inside and outside of the neuron.

Ions with opposite charges attract one another and ions with the same charges repel each other.

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13
Q

What are the 4 main types of ions that contribute to resting potential?

A
  1. Na+ (positive sodium)
  2. K+ (positive charge potassium)
  3. C- (negative charge chloride)
  4. A- (negatively charged proteins called aminos)
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14
Q

Why does the unequal distribution of charge in a neuron exist?

A
  1. The neurone membrane exhibits selective permeability to ions. Embedded in the membrane are specialized “ions channels” that allow for only certain ions in and out of the cell.
    In a resting neuron K+ and CL- easily pass / Na+ does not.
  2. Sodium potassium pumps are protein molecules in the membrane of cells that push out sodium ions and push in potassium ones. Pump out Na+ and pump in K+ in (3 sodium for every 1 potassium).
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15
Q

What is “action potential” of a neuron?

What is threshold of excitation?

A

A sudden positive change in the electrical charge of a neurone axon, also known as “spike” or “firing”.

The point at which the relative influence of other neurons succeeds in causing a neuron to initiate an action potential.

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16
Q

Where do exciting and inhibitory signals in neurons come from?

What are excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)?

A

Neurons are effected by neurotransmitters of other neurons. Two affects, they:

  1. Depolarize: the resting membrane potential. The inside of the membrane becomes less negative relative to the outside.
  2. Hyperpolarize: inside of membrane becomes more negative.
17
Q

What happens when a neuron fires? (Action potential is reached)

A

A neuron fires (depolarizes) around -55 to -40. It is created where the axon leaves the cell body. To initiate it, ion channels allow Na+ through the membrane rapidly. The influx depolarizers the axon membrane (the inside becomes +50mV vs outside). K+ rushes out and the membrane becomes hyperpolarized briefly. See figure 3-3 and figure 3-4 pg 73 & 75

18
Q

What is:

  1. Myelin
  2. Absolute refractory period
  3. Relative refractory period
  4. Saltatory conduction
  5. Node of ranvier
A
  1. A fatty white substance formed from glial cells that insulate the axons.
  2. Brief period after action potential where neuron cannot fire again.
  3. Brief period after absolute refractory where neuron cannot fire without stimulus stronger than its usual threshold.
  4. Process of signal jumping from node to node down axon
  5. Regions of exposed axons.
19
Q

How does communicate ion across the synapses happen?

A

Synapses are the gaps between neurons (one axon terminal to dendrite). Communication happens with specialized chemicals called neurotransmitters. These are released by synaptic vessels which are membrane like spheres in the axon terminals of neurons.

20
Q

Name 6 common Neurotransmitters and their function

A
  1. Glutamate: Learning and movement
  2. GABA: Learning and anxiety (Valium)
  3. Acetycholine (ACh): Learning and attention (NIcotine)
  4. Dopamie: Movement, reward learning (cocaine)
  5. Seritonin: Mood Regulation (Ecstasy, LSD)
  6. Norepinephrine: Atention, Arousal
21
Q

What are Neurotransmitter receptors?

A

When an action potential is reaches the presynaptic axonn terminal, it causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse and binds to neurotrnasmitter receptors on the dentrite of the recieving neuron. Neurotransmitters are protiens in the cell membrane that recognize specific molecules. They operate like a lock and key (they would be the lock).

22
Q

What is a post synaptic potential?

What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

A

Electrical events in postsynaptic neurons that occur when a neurotransmitter binds to one of it receptors.

  1. Excitatory: depolarizes post synaptic cell, membrane less negative
  2. Inhabitory: hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell, more negative.
23
Q

What are the two processes which terminate the neurotransmitter process?

A
  1. enzymatic degradation: breaking down of neurotrnasmitter by enzymes
  2. reuptake: Drawn back into the presynaptic neuron & recycled.
24
Q

What are the differetn classification types of neurontranmitters?

A
  1. Acetycholine (ACh): Stimulates muscles & communcates between motor and sensory neurons. (snake venom, Alzheimers)
  2. Dopamine: Associated with mood, reward. (cociane, heroine, nicotine, parkenons disease)
  3. NOreoinephrine: Excititory, Sympathitic nervous system, arousal,
  4. Serotonin: inhibitory, Mood, appetite, sleep.
  5. GABA: Inhabilitory, reduces the activity of neurons.
  6. Glutamate: Most important inbrain function. exititory. learning and formation of new memories.
25
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to create new cells that have the potential to become other cell types, including neurons.

26
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to create new neural pathways as a result of experience or following an injury.

27
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central (CNS): Brain+ SPinal Chord

2. Peripheral (PNS): Many nerves in our body that deliver information back to the and forth between te PNS & CNS

28
Q

WHat are neurons that carry information from the PNS and CNS called?
CNS to PNS?
What are neurons that connect two or more neurons called?

A
  1. Afferent Neurons
  2. Efferent Neurons
  3. Interneurons
29
Q

What are the two peices of the peripheral nervous system? explain them.

A
  1. Somatic (voluntary): all of the peripheral nerves that send information about body sensation and movement to and from the CNS.
  2. Autonomic (involuntary): two pieces , operate without help of CNS
    (a) Sympathetic: fight or flight
    (b) Para sympathetic: helps reverse symptoms of sympathetic system.
30
Q

What are the peices of the central nervous system?

A
  1. Spinal Chord
  2. Brain
    (a) forebrain (Ceribrum, cerbral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus.
    (b) midbrain (reticular formation)
    (c) hindbrain (pons, Medulla, reticular formation)
31
Q

What is the hindbrain and its structures?

A

Hindbrain is closests to the spinal chord. Reticular formation begins here
1. The medulla: Basic functions, bodily processes (respiration, heart rate and regulatory reflexes, sneezing)
2. The pons: uppermost anterior, contain locus coeruleus.
Latin for bridge (sleep, dreaming, breathing, swallowing, eye movement, facial sensation and expression).
3. Cerebellum: Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance, cognition
4. reticular formation: helps screen incoming sensory information. conciousness and arousal.

32
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

sits above the pons. contains nuclei such as substantia nigra which produce the neurotrnasmitter dopamine.

33
Q

What is the forebrain the areas of it?

A

COntrols complex cognitive, emotional and sensory functions. Two hemispheres connected by the corpus collasum (white matter)
1. Thalamus .2. Hypothalamus .3. The pituatary gland .4. THe Limbic System .5. The Basil Ganglia .6. The substantia Nigra .7. Cerebral Cortex

34
Q

What are the four major regions of the cerebral cortex?

A

Occipital: Back of the skull, visual stimuli

Temporal: Side of brain, wraps around hippcampus and amygdala. Auditory stimuli and language. Wernickes area helps us understand language.

Parietal: Touch and complex visual info. Somatosensory strip (processes tactile info from bodparts (touch, pressure)

Frontal: Movement an speech production. Primary motor strip is voluntary movement. Broca’s area handles speach production. Prefrontal lobe (memory and thinking)

35
Q

What are the two functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Primary sensory and motor areas

2. Association Cortex

Psychology 1000 (1 decks)

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