Chapter 3 Movement systems Flashcards
Nervous Tissue
Tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that coordinates body activities
Neurons
Fundamental component of the brain and nervous system, capable of transmitting information to and from other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neural tissues that support, insulate, and protect neurons
Neurosecretory tissues
Neurons that translate neural signals into chemical stimuli (makes neurohormones that are released into the blood stream such as oxytocin)
Cell body
(Neuron component)
The core structure of a neuron containing a nucleus and other specialized organelles they aid in nervous system function. Provides energy to drive action.
Axon
(Neuron component)
A thin tail-like structure of a neuron that generates and conducts nerve impulses.
Dendrites
(Neuron component)
Rootlike structure branching out from the cell body that receive and process signals from axons of other neurons.
Sensory neurons
Send information to the brain and spinal cord in respond to tactile (sense of touch), auditory or visual stimuli.
Motor neurons
Receive information from the brain or spinal cord produce muscular contractions or activate glands.
Interneurons
Connect neurons to other neurons often communicating signals between motor and sensory neurons.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of brain and spinal cord. Control center of body and mind. Receives sensory input and functions to organize, analyze and process information.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord including cranial and spinal nerves throughout the body. Responsible for conveying motor commands, carrying sensory information to the CNS and regulating involuntary functions.
Cerebrum
(Brain component)
Uppermost and largest part of the brain; consisting of Left and Right hemispheres; responsible for receiving and processing sensory information and controlling the body.
Cerebral Cortex
(Brain component)
Outer portion of the cerebrum, part of the. Rain where most information processing happens. Positioned below the cerebrum and controls conscious motor coordination.
Brain stem
(Brain component)
The trunk of the brain consisting of the medial oblongata, pons and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord.
Brain stem
(Brain component)
The trunk of the brain consisting of the medial oblongata, pons and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord.
Midbrain
(Brain stem)
Responsible for motor movement and processing auditory and visual information
Pons
(Brain stem)
Links media oblongata to the thalamus and helps control clerk, breathing, facial expression and movement, and posture.
Medulla oblongata
(Brain stem)
Responsible for involuntary functions like coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and heart. Base of the brain stem.
Thalamus
Brain regions responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals and regulating consciousness.
Cerebrum Left Hemisphere
Language, logical processing, science and math, controls muscles in the Right side.
Cerebrum Right Hemisphere
Spatial perception, creativity, intuition, controls muscles in the Left side.
Decussation
The point of crossover of the nervous system in vertebrates located between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord.
Frontal lobe
Front of the brain involved in motor control, emotion and language.
Motor cortex
(Frontal lobe)
Responsible for planning and coordination of movement.
Prefrontal cortex
(Frontal lobe)
Responsible for problem-solving, impulsivity, attention, and language.
Parietal lobe
Responsible for processing sensory information. Directly behind frontal lobe.
Somatosensatory cortex
(Parietal lobe)
Processes sensations like pain, temperature and touch.
Temporal lobe
Near temples, responsible for processing hearing, memory; emotion, and some parts of language.
Auditory cortex
(Temporal lobe)
Responsible for hearing
Occipital lobe
Posterior lobe responsible for vision.
Visual cortex
(Occipital lobe)
Responsible for sight and visual perception.
Hypothalamus
Region at the base of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis.
Homeostasis
A self-regulating process by which the body maintains the stability of its optimal physiological processes such as pH balance, temperature, blood glucose and blood pressure.
Spinal chord
A tube of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region (lower back) of the vertebral column. Connection point between brain and body- all nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord to/from the brain.
Vertebrae
Bones of the spine protecting the spinal cord
Meninges
Membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid that acts as a cushion and protects the brain and spinal cord.
12 Cranial Nerves
(Peripheral Nervous system)
The 12 sensory and motor nerves extending directly from the brain. Sends/receives sensory information and relays motor and autonomic signals between the brain, spinal cord and body.
31 Spinal Nerves
Peripheral nervous system
Bundles of nerves connected to the spinal cord carrying information toward the periphery. Reflexes are not processed by the brain. Reflexes are involuntary reactions to a stimulus processed within the spinal cord.
Ganglia
Clusters of neurons that act as relay stations, receiving sensory information from PNS and sending it to the CNS for processing. Plays a role in controlling autonomic functions such as heart rate, digestion and sweating.
Efferent neurons
Motor neurons sending information from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement.
