Chapter 3 - Matter Flashcards
In biogeochemical cycles, the material in these cycles ________ and the energy that drives these cycles ________.
a. must be constantly renewed; must be constantly renewed
b. must be constantly renewed; remained indefinitely
c. remains indefinitely; must be constantly renewed
d. remained indefinitely; remained indefinitely
c. remains indefinitely; must be constantly renewed
___________ hold their shape to a certain extent, but they are also jellylike and are easily deformed.
a. solids
b. aerosols
c. colloids
d. plasmas
e. liquids
c. colloids
Which of the following pairs of compounds are considered inorganic?
a. diamonds and carbon dioxide
b. proteins and bipolymers
c. biopolymers and diamonds
d. biopolymers and carbon dioxide
e. proteins and diamonds
a. diamonds and carbon dioxide
Which are the two most abundant elements of the earth’s continental crust?
a. oxygen and silicon
b. iron and aluminum
c. iron and oxygen
d. silicon and aluminum
e. oxygen and aluminum
a. oxygen and silicon
When regolith contains organic matter, it is:
a. soil
b. clastic sediment
c. alluvium
d. chemical sediment
a. soil
Regolith becomes a type of _______, which is then known as _________ if it is transported.
a. alluvium; sediment
b. sediment; clastic
c. sediment; alluvium
d. clastic; sediment
e. alluvium; clastic
c. sediment; alluvium
Some forms of carbohydrates cannot be digested by humans
True or False
True
A thin section is often used to example the _______ of a rock
a. density
b. hardness
c. texture
d. cleavage
e. luster
c. texture
It is not possible for materials to coexist in two different phases but in the same state
True or False
False
Metamorphic rock cannot be formed from igneous rock
True or False
False
Isotopes of the same element have the same number of __________ but different numbers of _________.
a. protons; electrons
b. neutrons; electrons
c. neutrons; protons
d. electrons; protons
e. protons; neutrons
e. protons; neutrons
Water and lava are both liquids
True or False
True
Which of the following gives the correct layering of the earth, from interior to surface?
a. mantle, crust, core
b. core, crust, mantle
c. crust, mantle, core
d. core, mantle, crust
e. crust, core, mantle
d . core, mantle, crust
in polymerization,
a. a mixture is created by joining multiple compounds
b. small molecules are linked together to for long chains or three-dimensional networks
c. compounds are joined only by iconic bond
d. more than two compounds have been added to a mixture
b. small molecules are linked together to for long chains or three-dimensional networks
a glass of water with ice cubes would contain:
a. the same states and the same phases
b. different states but the same phase
c. different phases but the same state
d. different states and difference phases
d . different states and difference phases
Genes are regions of DNA coded for specific proteins that perform particular functions.
True or False
True
A glass containing a layer of oil on top of a layer of water would contain:
a. different states and different phases
b. different states but the same phase
c. the same states and the same phases
d. different phases but the same state
d. different phases but the same state
In the _____ state, matter has a definite volume but its constituent atoms are able to flow freely past one another; the material does not retain its own shape but conforms to the shape of its container, taking on a free surface under the influence of gravity
a. plasma
b. solid
c. liquid
d. gas
c. liquid
The presence of fossils indicates a specimen is which type of rock?
a. sedimentary
b. igneous
c. volcanic
d. plutonic
e. metamorphic
a. sedimentary
The example of water and oil in the same container that are separated is an example of two phases existing together with only one state
True or False
True
What is solid state?
In the solid state, matter is firm or compact in substance with a definite volume and density, and tends to retain its shape even if it is not confined, because its constituent atoms are fixed in position relative to each other.
What is liquid state?
In the liquid state, matter has a definite volume but is constituent atoms are able to flow freely past one another; the material does not retain its own shape but conforms to the shape of its container, taking on a free surface under the influence of gravity.
What is the vapor (or gas) state?
where the matter takes on the shape of the container in which it is contained, filling the container completely (or escaping into space if it is not confined), while its constituent atoms can move freely and acquire a uniform distribution within the container.
What are the three common state of matter?
solid, liquid, and gas
Can matter coexist in various states and phases?
Yes, for example:
Matter can coexist in various states and phases. In (A), matter of uniform composition (H2O) coexists in two different states (liquid and solid) and two different phases (water and ice), separated by physical boundaries. In (B), different phases coexist in the same state (oil and water, both liquids; different types of beans, all solids). In (C), there is only one phase and one state, as is always the case with gases.
What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element
- Atoms are built of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number.
What is atomic mass?
The sum of neutrons and the protons in the nucleus is the atomic mass.
What are isotopes?
Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
- Some isotopes are radioactive, and can be used in radioactive dating
Why is an atom electrically neutral?
because the positive charge of the protons balances with the negative charge of the electrons
An atom that has excess positive or negative charge is called an ion
- A positive ion is a cation
- A negative ion is an anion
- Compounds form when anions and cations combine to form a bond
- The smallest unit that retains all the properties of a compound is called a molecule
Organic Matter - Review
Possibly the most fundamental compositional distinction is that of organic and inorganic matter
- Organic applies specifically to compounds consisting of carbon atoms bonded together by covalent bonds
- In addition organic implies that the compound is biotic in origin
A common characteristic of organic compounds is their tendency to occur in long chain-like structures called polymers
Important biopolymers in the Earth system
- Proteins: chains of bonded amino acids
- Nucleic acids: (e.g. DNA) built of nucleotides
- Carbohydrates: the basis for most food we eat, a carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compound
What are lipids?
another important family of organic molecules, which are not polymers and include
- Fats and oils
- Phospholipids
- Waxes
- Steroids
What are the three major compositional layers in the earth?
Core: metallic iron solid inner core and liquid outer core
Mantle: dense rocky matter
Crust: thin, less dense rocky matter
Minerals are or have:
–Naturally formed
–Inorganic
–Solid
–Specific chemical composition
–Characteristic crystal structure
What are the two characteristics that best allow the study of minerals?
- Crystal structure: the way the atoms of the elements are packed together
- Composition: the major chemical elements that are present and their proportions
What distinct properties are minerals identified by?
–Crystal form and growth habit
–Cleavage
–Luster
–Hardness and specific gravity
–Color
What is cleavage?
A mineral’s tendency to break in preferred directions along weak planar surfaces
What is lister, color, streak
- The quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral surface is luster
- Color is often not a reliable means of identification, as it can be determined by chemical impurities in the composition
- Color in opaque minerals can be a property of grain size, this can be resolved using the mineral’s streak
What is hardness?
–This term refers to the relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched
–This is governed by the crystal structure and the strength of chemical bonds
–Hardness is classified using Moh’s relative hardness scale, which has 10 hardnesses that are not at equal intervals
What is a rock?
- A rock is any naturally formed, nonliving, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet, asteroid, moon, or other planetary object
How many families of rocks are there and describe them
There are three families of rocks:
Igneous: formed from the cooling and consolidation of magma or lava
Sedimentary: formed from either chemical precipitation of material or deposition of particles transported in suspension
Metamorphic: formed from changing a rock as a result of high temperatures, high pressures, or both
What is regolith?
- Rock exposed at Earth’s surface is susceptible to alteration by the action of water, wind, and other agents that physically and chemically break it apart and alter it
- This broken-up, disintegrated rock matter is called the regolith
