Chapter 3 Mastering Biology Flashcards
1
Q
why do fats separate from water?
A
water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and exclude the fats
2
Q
- Water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers
- occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
A
dehydration reaction (aka condensation reaction)
3
Q
two monosaccaraides
A
disaccharides
4
Q
The complex carbohydrate that you are most likely to have eaten recently is
A
starch
5
Q
A protein’s alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.
A
third
6
Q
What hormone is believed to help muscles absorb amino acids?
A
insulin
7
Q
What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?
A
Hydrolysis
8
Q
The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be
A
- rich in energy.
- insoluble in water.
9
Q
When an RNA strand forms using DNA as a template,
A
uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine
10
Q
The large diversity of biological molecules depends on atoms of the element __________. This element can make stable bonds to itself and to atoms of other elements. Without this element, the large macromolecules that make up most of the molecules in living organisms would not be possible
A
carbon
11
Q
Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are
A
hydrophobic
12
Q
A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: ____ and fatty acids
A
glycerol
13
Q
A fatty acid consists of a ____ and a long hydrocarbon chain.
A
carboxyl group
14
Q
________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.
A
unsaturated fatty acids
15
Q
the hydrocarbon chains of _______ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.
A
saturated fatty acids
16
Q
______ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.
A
phospholipids
17
Q
______ are lipids with a structure consisting of 4 fused rings. many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.
A
steroids
18
Q
how much of a cell is water? What does the rest of a cell consist of?
A
70-95%. Carbon-based compounds
19
Q
what is carbon unparalleled in its ability to form?
A
large, complex, and diverse molecules.
20
Q
Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of ______
A
carbon compounds.
21
Q
study of compounds that contain carbon and such organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones
A
organic chemistry
22
Q
What two atoms are contained in most organic compounds
A
hydrogen and carbon atoms
23
Q
four classes of large biological molecules
A
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
24
Q
large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
A
macromolecules
25
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
polymer
26
small building block molecules that build up polymers
monomers
27
what 3 of the 4 classes of life's organic molecules are polymers
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
28
macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process
enzymes
29
the process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers. It is a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration process.
hydrolysis
30
include sugars and the polymers of sugars
carbohydrates
31
what are the simplest carbohydrates
monosaccharides (single sugars)
32
Carbohydrate macromolecules are ______, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
polysaccharides
33
have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
monosaccharides
34
What is the most common monosaccharide
Glucose (C6H12O6)
35
the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers
lipids
36
what is the unifying feature of lipids?
having little or no affinity for water
37
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form non polar covalent bonds
38
What are the most biologically important lipids?
fats, phospholipids, steroids
39
What two smaller molecules form fats?
glycerol and fatty acids
40
3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
Glycerol
41
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
fatty acid
42
In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a _____
triacylglycerol, or triglyceride
43
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.
saturated fatty acids
44
have one or more double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
45
fats made from saturated fatty acids are called ________ and are ______ at room temperature.
saturated fatty acids; solid
46
fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called _______ or _____, and are _____ at room temperature.
unsaturated fats; oils; liquid
47
are most animal fats saturated or unsaturated?
saturated
48
are most plant and fish fats saturated or unsaturated?
unsaturated
49
proteins account for more that ____ of the dry mass of most cells.
50%
50
structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances
What are the functions of protein?
51
enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a ______ to speed up chemical reactions
catalyst
52
the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide that is programmed by a unit of inheritance
gene
53
which organic molecule does DNA belong to?
nucleic acid
54
what are the two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
55
DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA and through mRNA, controls _______
protein synthesis
56
What is a characteristic of an organic molecule?
Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic.
57
Monomers are linked together with...
the removal of a water molecule by dehydration synthesis.
58
In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____.
A polymer breaks up to form monomers ... consumed
59
to break water
Hydrolysis
60
Monomers are connected in a reaction in which two molecules are bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule; this is called a
dehydration synthesis.
61
- Sugars are mainly used by our bodies _____.
- Simple sugar molecules are a major _______ for cellular work.
fuel
62
One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is _____.
disaccharides
63
Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____.
polymer ... glucose molecules
64
Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cattle get enough nutrients from eating grass?
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.
65
In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy?
starch
66
Glycogen is _____.
a polysaccharide found in animals
67
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
68
Which of these is a source of lactose?
milk
69
a carbohydrate composed of many monomers.
Cellulose
70
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
cellulose
71
Starch is a storage polysaccharide of
plants
72
Many carbohydrates are a source
of energy.
73
Glucose and fructose are
isomers
74
molecules that share the same chemical composition but differ in their final structures are called
isomers
75
Which is the correct term for compounds that do not mix with water?
hydrophilic
76
A fatty acid containing at least two double bonds is called _____.
monounsaturated
77
Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules
lipids
78
RNA is a
nucleic acid
79
olive oil is a
monounsaturated fat
80
a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis is called a
polypeptide
81
a peptide bond binds _____.
amino acids
82
The building blocks of proteins are called _____.
amino acids
83
A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids bonded together by __________.
peptide bonds
84
the building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.
nucleotides
85
People with lactose intolerance produce insufficient amounts of _______.
the enzyme, lactase
86
Lactase breaks down lactose to ________ that can be digested.
smaller sugars
87
Why might northern Europeans have evolved lactose tolerance?
to increase options for nutrient intake in an environment with a short growing season
88
The ability ________ would increase the options for acquiring necessary nutrients.
drink milk from herd animals
89
Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion?
cellulose (in the lettuce)
90
Cellulose contains bonds that cannot be broken by...
human digestive enzymes
91
What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?
glucose
92
What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?
glucose
93
Cells consume glucose for energy in the process of ...
cell respiration
94
Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.
cellulose
95
The polysaccharide called ______ is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.
cellulose
96
Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.
adding hydrogens
97
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that __________.
none of them dissolve in water
98
Lipids are _________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.
nonpolar
99
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.
shape
100
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.
amino acids
101
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?
altered function based on which acid
102
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.
fourth
103
Many people believe you should consume carbohydrates and proteins in what ratio following a long workout?
4:1
104
What are the constituent parts of proteins?
amino acids
105
What is the primary fuel source for muscles?
glycogen
106
A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a _____.
gene
107
A gene is a discrete unit of.
hereditary information
108
How does DNA compare to RNA?
DNA and RNA consist of monomers called nucleotides.
109
Nucleotides are the building blocks for both types of nucleic acids called
RNA and DNA
110
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.
DNA
111
The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating ________
sugar and phosphate groups
112
One difference between RNA and DNA?
In RNA uracil is substituted for thymine
113
What is another name for a condensation reaction?
dehydration synthesis
114
Protein polymers are made up of ______________ monomers.
amino acid
115
Nucleic acid polymers are made up of _____________ monomers
nucleotide
116
Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _____________ monomers.
simple sugar
117
May store hereditary information, may store energy, and may protect cells.
Polymers that contain sugars
118
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
Cellulose
119
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
cellulose
120
In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________.
glycerol; water
121
In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups.
hydroxyl; carboxyl
122
Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of
-atoms in the tails.
-double bonds in the tails.
123
A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment __
made the fat less fluid.
124
The most unsaturated fats have
the most double bonds.
125
What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common?
They contain carbonyl groups.
126
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
Low solubility in water.
127
Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?
Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.
128
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.
as a component of animal cell membranes
129
Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.
immune
130
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
hydrogen bonds
131
DNA is composed of building blocks called _____.
nucleotides
132
DNA has the appearance of a _____.
double helix
133
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
3'-TAAACG-5'
134
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
75
135
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
hydrogen bonds
136
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
137
Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry?
carbon
138
N,A
SAY 5 AND GO
139
Although the structures of the functional groups important to life (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate) vary in chemical structure, they share one thing in common: They _____.
all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility
140
The reaction that joins two monomers to form a polymer is known as a _____ reaction. The molecule of water formed is due to the interaction between _____ and a hydrogen ion.
dehydration ... a hydroxyl group
141
What one characteristic is shared by sucrose and maltose?
They are all disaccharides.
142
When two monosaccharides link to form a disaccharide, the by-product is __________.
water
143
Which of the following sugars CAN be accurately represented by the formula C6H12O6?
possibly glucose or fructose
144
In the process of converting cornstarch into high fructose corn syrup, one of the first products is _____. Then, enzymes are used to convert some of this product to fructose.
glucose
145
The oil and vinegar in your salad dressing remain separate from one another due to the _____ properties of the oil.
hydrophobic
146
Double bonds are present in the majority of the fats of which of the following foods?
peanuts
147
types of fat increases heart attack risk the most?
trans fat
148
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____.
phospholipids
149
Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents?
Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth.
150
Proteins are an important class of molecules because of the functions they perform. Proteins can _____.
act as signal receptors to receive signals in cell communication
151
egg white can be classified as which type of protein?
Ovalbumin is main protein found in egg which constitutes 55% of total protein (storage)
152
Which condition is irrelevant, to some extent, to the maintenance of protein structure in your body?
environmental temperature
153
Information dictating the primary sequence of a polypeptide is permanently maintained within a cell .
dna
154
How does DNA differ from RNA?
RNA contains ribose, DNA does not.
155
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.
DNA
156
When an RNA strand forms using DNA as a template, _____.
uracil pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine
157
Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry?
carbon
158
What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of the molecule?
It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group.
159
HXBHSBUX
5 AND GO
160
Lactose is a disaccharide (two monosaccharides joined together). To metabolize lactose, individuals require an enzyme known as lactase. What is true about this reaction?
The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar.
161
When two monosaccharides link to form a disaccharide, the by-product is __________.
water
162
The production of high fructose corn syrup involves the hydrolysis of __________ from corn into __________, followed by its enzymatic conversion.
starch ... glucose
163
Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.
164
When you eat a plant, you derive energy from the stored __________, but not from the __________ component.
starch ... cellulose
165
Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.
adding hydrogens
