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BIO 1111 007 > Chapter 3 Lipids and Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Lipids and Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What provides the body with needed nutrients?

A

Food

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2
Q

What is CHONPS?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Prosperous, and Sulfur

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3
Q

What are the six most important functional groups?

A

Amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, and sulfhydryl

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4
Q

Definition of Biological Macromolecule

A

A large molecule necessary for life; it is built from smaller organic molecules

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5
Q

What are the four major classes of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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6
Q

What makes up the majority of cell’s dry mass?

A

The combination of the four major classes of biological macromolecules

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7
Q

What makes up the majority of a cell’s complete mass?

A

Water

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8
Q

What makes a molecule or compound organic?

A

It contains carbon (typically in the form of hydrogen), has a complex structure, and typically contains covalent bonds

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9
Q

What makes a molecule or compound inorganic?

A

A lack of hydrogen-carbon bonds, small and simple (less atoms), and a tendency towards ionic bonds

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10
Q

Definition of Monomer

A

The smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers, they are known as single subunits or building blocks of macromolecules

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11
Q

Definition of Polymer

A

A chain of monomers that is linked by covalent bonds; it is formed by polymerization

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12
Q

Definition of Dimer

A

An association between two molecules that may be identical (homodimer) or different (heterodimer)

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13
Q

Definition of Tetramer

A

An association of four molecules (a polymer with four molecules)

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14
Q

Definition of Polymerization

A

The process of linking monomers or subunits together to form larger molecules

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15
Q

Definition of Dehydration Synthesis

A

A reaction that links monomer molecules together and releases a water molecule

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16
Q

What happens in dehydration synthesis?

A

The hydrogen (H) of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl (-OH) of another monomer and releases a molecule of water. Or H + OH = H2O which leaves and creates a bond between two monomers.

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17
Q

Why are there diverse groups of macromolecules?

A

Because both single types and different types of monomers can combine to form many different types of macromolecules

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18
Q

What happens in hydrolysis?

A

A polymer breaks and a water molecule is introduced

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19
Q

What is the difference between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis?

A

Hydrolysis breaks bonds and releases energy and dehydration synthesis forms bons while using energy

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20
Q

Condensation is another term for what?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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21
Q

What is one similarity between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis?

A

Both are processes that are catalyzed by enzymes

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22
Q

What are the 5 polymers of the monomer sugar?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan

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23
Q

What are the 2polymers of the monomer nucleic acid?

A

RNA and DNA

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24
Q

What are the 2 polymers of the monomer fatty acid?

A

Phospholipid and triglyceride

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25
Q

What us the polymer of the monomer amino acid?

A

Protein

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26
Q

Definition of Carbohydrate

A

A biological macromolecule in which the ration of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; it is organic

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27
Q

What are some natural sources of carbohydrates?

A

Grains, fruits, and vegetables

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28
Q

What are the functional groups of charbohydrates?

A

a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups

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29
Q

What is the chemical formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n where n = the number of carbons in the molecule

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30
Q

What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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31
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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32
Q

What is the carbon range of monosaccharides?

A

3 - 7

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33
Q

What suffix most commonly points to something being a carbohydrate?

A

-ose

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34
Q

What is an aldehyde group?

A

A functional group; it has the structure R-CHO

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35
Q

What is an aldose?

A

A sugar with an aldehyde group with the carbonyl group at the end of the chain

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36
Q

What is a ketone group?

A

The functional group with the structure RC=(O)R’

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37
Q

What is a ketose?

A

A sugar with a ketone group and a carbonyl group somewhere in the middle of its chain

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38
Q

What is the term for a sugar with three carbons?

A

triose

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39
Q

What is the term for a sugar with five carbons?

A

pentose

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40
Q

What is the term for a sugar with six carbons?

A

hexose

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41
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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42
Q

During cellular respiration, energy is released from glucose. What does that energy help make?

A

adenosine triphosphate/ATP

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43
Q

What molecules do plants use to synthesize glucose?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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44
Q

What is a starch?

A

A carbohydrate that works as glucose storage in plants

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45
Q

Definition of Catabolize

A

The process of larger molecules breaking down into smaller molecules

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46
Q

What is galactose?

A

A monosaccharide found in lactose, a milk sugar

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47
Q

What is fructose?

A

A monosaccharide found in sucrose, a fruit sugar

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48
Q

What monosaccharides have the same chemical formula of C6H12O6?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

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49
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A molecule or ion with the same types of atoms as another but in a different arrangement

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50
Q

What is the difference between the monosaccharide’s glucose, galactose, and fructose?

A

They each have different arrangements of their atoms

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51
Q

What are the similarities between the monosaccharide’s glucose, galactose, and fructose?

A

Chemical formula and the containment of at least one asymmetric carbon

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52
Q

Is glucose an aldose or ketose?

A

Aldose

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53
Q

Is fructose an aldose or ketose?

A

Ketose

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54
Q

Is glucose an aldose or ketose?

A

Aldose

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55
Q

What shapes do monosaccharides come in?

A

Linear chains or rings

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56
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

A solution in which water is the solvent

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57
Q

6-carbon sugars in aqueous solutions usually come in what shape?

A

Ring shape

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58
Q

Glucose rings can have two different arrangements of the hydroxyl group around the anomeric carbon; what are they called?

A

Alpha (a) and Beta (b)

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59
Q

When is a glucose ring alpha?

A

The hydroxyl group is located below the anomeric carbon and hydrogen atom

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60
Q

When is a glucose ring beta?

A

The hydroxyl group is located above the anomeric carbon and hydrogen atom

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61
Q

What is an anomeric caarbon?

A

The first carbon that becomes asymmetric in the process of formation

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62
Q

Definition of Disaccharide

A

The product of two monosaccharides that the undergone dehydration

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63
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

A small polymer with few sugars

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64
Q

What happens in dehydration to form a disaccharide?

A

The hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide bonds to the hydroxyl of another and water is released forming a covalent bond

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65
Q

What is a covalent bond between a carbohydrate and another molecule called?

A

A glycosidic bond or linkage

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66
Q

Can glycosidic bonds be of alpha or beta arrangements?

A

Yes

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67
Q

What is an a-1,4 linkage?

A

a glycosidic linkage between one monomer’s 1’ and the 4’ of another monomer

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68
Q

What is maltose?

A

A disaccharide made of two glucoses’

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69
Q

What is malt sugar?

A

Maltose

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70
Q

What are the three most common disaccharides?

A

Maltose, lactose, and sucrose

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71
Q

What is lactose?

A

A disaccharide of a glucose and galactose

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72
Q

Where is lactose naturally found?

A

Milk

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73
Q

What is sucrose?

A

A disaccharide of glucose and fructose

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74
Q

What is the most common disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

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75
Q

What is table sugar?

A

Sucrose

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76
Q

Definition of a Polysaccharide

A

A chain with a minimum of 10 monosaccharides linked via glycosidic bonds

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77
Q

What are the primary examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan

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78
Q

Definition of Starch

A

A polysaccharide that is the stored form of sugars in plants made of glucose polymers called amylose and amylopectin

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79
Q

What are two places plant have starch?

A

seeds and roots

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80
Q

How does starch act in the human diet?

A

It is broken down by enzymes for cellular absorption

81
Q

What bonds does starch have?

A

a-1,4 and a-1,6

82
Q

What is amylose?

A

A starch that is unbranched and features bonds a-1,4

83
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

A branched starch with branch points a-1,6

84
Q

Definition of Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide in vertebrates that is the stored form of glucose

85
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Muclses and liver

86
Q

How is glycogen branched?

A

Has many many branches

87
Q

Where are the bonds in glycogen?

A

a-1,4 and a-1,6

88
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The process of glycogen being broken down to increase blood glucose levels

89
Q

Definition of Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants and provides structural support

90
Q

What is the most abundant biopolymer?

A

Cellulose

91
Q

What items are most cellulosic in nature?

A

Wood and paper

92
Q

Where are the bond in cellulose?

A

b-1,4

93
Q

How does cellulose have rigidity and tensile strength?

A

In the cellulose monomer chain, every other monomer is flipped which allows them to pack tightly together

94
Q

Only select herbivores can break down what?

A

b-1,4 bonds

95
Q

What allows the breakdown of b-1,4 bonds?

A

the enzyme cellulases and bacteria and protists in the rumen

96
Q

Definition of Chitin

A

A polysaccharide that forms the outer skeletons of arthropods like crustaceans and insects as well as fungi walls

97
Q

What is chitin made of?

A

Repeating units of N-acetyl-B-d-glucosamine, Nitrogen attached every other glucose molecule at the carbon 2 hydrogen atom which connects to acetylamine units

98
Q

Does chitin contain nitrogen?

A

Yes

99
Q

Definition of a peptidoglycan

A

A polysaccharide that is the main component of bacterial cell walls made of monosaccharides chains linked via peptide bonds

100
Q

How are peptidoglycans similar to chitin?

A

Both have nitrogen containing sugars linked to long chains. The sugar is acetylamine

101
Q

How do peptidoglycans differ from chitin?

A

peptidoglycans have short chains of amino acids attached to the sugars via peptide bonds

102
Q

What do peptide bonds do in peptidoglycans?

A

They link peptidoglycan molecule strands together

103
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They target bacterial peptidoglycans destroying them

104
Q

What is Gram staining?

A

A common stain protocol that distinguishes different types of bacterial walls

105
Q

How does Gram staining help in the medical field?

A

Helps determine what antibiotic to use

106
Q

What does sugar mean?

A

A common term for simple carbohydrates

107
Q

What is gram positive?

A

When a bacterium has a thicker cell wall that retains more purple Gram stain

108
Q

Glucose is associated with what bodyily fluid?

A

Blood, it is blood sugar

109
Q

Chemical formula is also refered to as?

A

Molecular formula

110
Q

Are carbohydrates good for people?

A

Yes

111
Q

Do carbohydrates contain soluble and insoluble parts?

A

Yes

112
Q

What is the insoluble part of a charbohydrate?

A

Fiber mostly in cellulose

113
Q

What is the use of fiber?

A

Promotion of regular bowel movement, additional helpful bulk to fecal matter, regulation of blood glucose consumption rate, and removal of excess cholesterol through the small intestine

114
Q

What can a fiber-rich diet do

A

Reduce risk of colon cancer and offer a feeling of fullness

115
Q

What is the major functions of carbohydrates?

A

the main source of fuel for living things, structure of cell walls, short term glucose storage

116
Q

Which carbohydrates serve as glucose storage?

A

disaccharides, starches, and glycogen

117
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process in plants, algae, and some bacteria that create glucose using sun energy

118
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process of glucose being broken down to form usable energy ATP

119
Q

Which carbohydrates serve as structure in cells?

A

Cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan

120
Q

What are structural carbohydrates formed from?

A

Long chains of monosaccharides cross-linked together by hydrogen bonds or peptide bonds to form tough, fibrous sheets

121
Q

Can carbohydrates be used to form other complex molecules?

A

Yes, like nucleic acid DNA and amino acids

122
Q

What is the purpose of a special class of carbohydrate that is found on the outer surface of cells?

A

They are identity markers that help cells of multicellular organisms recognize and communicate with one another

123
Q

Definition of Lipid

A

A macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water

124
Q

What type of compounds do lipids include?

A

A diverse group of mostly nonpolar compounds

125
Q

Are lipids hydrocarbons?

A

Yes

126
Q

What types of bonds do lipids mostly include?

A

Carbon – Carbon, and Carbon – Hydrogen

127
Q

Are non-poler molecules hydrophobic and what does that mean?

A

Yes, it means they are insoluble in water

128
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Long term energy storage, thermoregulation/insulation for plants and animals, building blocks of hormones, and constituent of cellular membranes

129
Q

What are the types of lipids?

A

Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

130
Q

What are the most important lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

131
Q

What are the two main components of a fat molecule?

A

Fatty acid and glycerol

132
Q

Definition of Glycerol

A

An organic compound with three carbons and three hydroxyl groups

133
Q

Definition of Fatty Acids

A

A long chain of hydrocarbons to which a carboxyl group is attached

134
Q

What are long chains of hydrocarbons?

A

Isoprenoids

135
Q

What is an isoprene?

A

Subunits that link together end to end to form isoprenoids

136
Q

Where are carbons mostly found in fatty acids?

A

hydrocarbon tails

137
Q

What are the four major functions of fats and oils?

A

Protection, insulation, and energy storage

138
Q

What is the technical and common carbon range of fatty acids?

A

Technically 4 to 36 and commonly 12-18

139
Q

Where are the fatty acids attached to in a fat molecule?

A

One fatty acid is to each hydroxyl group in the glycerol

140
Q

Definition of Ester Bond

A

Carbon to oxygen double bond while the carbon is also single bonded to another oxygen
(O - C = O)

141
Q

How does the ester bond work when a fatty acid joins a glycerol?

A

The glycerol’s hydroxyl (OH) bonds to the hydroxyl group of the fatty acid and loses a water molecule leaving a bond between the glycerol and fatty acid through an oxygen

142
Q

What are two other terms to describe fats?

A

triglycerides and triacylglycerols

143
Q

What type of saturation do fats include?

A

saturated and unsaturated

144
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated?

A

A fat molecule only featuring single bonds between neighboring carbons

145
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid saturated with?

A

Hydrogen

146
Q

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated?

A

A fat molecule that features a double bond between a pair of carbons

147
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid with more than one double bond between carbons called?

A

Polyunsaturated

148
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid with only one double bond between carbons called?

A

monounsaturated

149
Q

Where do mammals store fats?

A

Adipocytes

150
Q

What is an adipocyte?

A

A specialized cells that stores fat

151
Q

Where do plants typically store fat/oil?

A

seeds

152
Q

How is fat/oil used in seeds?

A

A source of energy for seedling development

153
Q

Where are unsaturated fats usually found?

A

plants and fish

154
Q

Where are saturated fats usually found?

A

meat n milk

155
Q

What do unsaturated fats do for humans?

A

Lower blood cholesterol

156
Q

What do saturated fats do for humans?

A

Form plaque in arteries

157
Q

What are the types of configurations for the double bonds in saturated fats?

A

Cis and Trans

158
Q

What is the configuration of a cis unsaturated fat?

A

Both hydrogen atoms remain on the same side of the carbon chain resulting is a visual bend

159
Q

Can cis unsaturated fats pack together tightly and what does this mean for its physical form at room temperature?

A

No, this means a cis fats form a liquid or oil at room temperature

160
Q

What is the configuration of a trans unsaturated fat?

A

The hydrogen atoms are on different side of the carbon chain resulting in a straight appearance

161
Q

Can trans fats pack together tightly and what does that mean for its physical form at room temperature?

A

Yes, this means trans fats form a solid or fat at room temperature

162
Q

What does artificial hydrogenation do to oils?

A

Make em semi-solid

163
Q

What happens during artificial hydrogenation?

A

Hydrogen gas is bubbled through oils to solidify them which makes some of the single bonds into double bonds

164
Q

What happens when there is an increase of trans fats in the human diet?

A

May increase levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)/bad cholesterol leading to plaque deposition in arteries increasing risk for heart disease

165
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids the body needs but cannot produce/synthesize

166
Q

What are the essential fatty acids for humans?

A

Omega-3 and Omega-6

167
Q

How are essential fatty acids obtained?

A

Via diet

168
Q

What fatty acids does Omega-3 contain?

A

Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

169
Q

What are all the Omega-3 fatty acids?

A

Polysaturated

170
Q

What do Omega-3’s do in the human body?

A

Reduces risk of sudden death via heart attack, reduces triglycerides in the blood, lowers blood pressure, reduces inflammation, and prevents thrombosis by inhibiting blood clotting

171
Q

Definition of Wax

A

A lipid that serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

172
Q

What is waxes relationship with water?

A

Hydrophobic

173
Q

What are waxes made up of?

A

Long fatty acid chains esterified to long-chain alcohols

174
Q

What is esterified mean?

A

A conversion into an organic compound by replacing the hydrogen

175
Q

Definition of Phospholipid

A

A major constituent of plasma membranes; composed of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol

176
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

The outer layer of animal cells

177
Q

What are the parts of phospholipids?

A

A glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a modified phosphate group

178
Q

What is a phospholipids relationship with water?

A

It is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

179
Q

What do you call something that is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A

Amphipathic

180
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and why?

A

The head is hydrophilic because it contains the phosphate group

181
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and why?

A

The tail is hydrophobic because of the fatty acid chains

182
Q

What is a bilayer of phospholipids?

A

A matrix structure where there are two layers of phospholipids; both layers have the head facing out and the fatty acids facing in

183
Q

What are phospholipids responsible for in the plasma membrane?

A

The membranes dynamic nature

184
Q

What is micelle?

A

A structure where the hydrophobic tails face interior and hydrophilic head face exterior not a bilayer!!!!

185
Q

What happens when phospholipids are put in water?

A

What happens when phospholipids are put in water

186
Q

What is a liposome?

A

A two layer structure where hydrophilic phosphates head face the outside and hydrophobic tails face inside

187
Q

What type of structure does a phospholipid have?

A

A bulky structure associated with a liposome

188
Q

Definition of Steroid

A

A type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure

189
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

Fused ring structure

190
Q

Steroids do not resemble other lipids; why are they then included in the lipid group(?)?

A

They are hydrophobic/insoluble in water

191
Q

What characteristics to all steroids share?

A

They all have four linked carbon rings wand several of the rings have short tails

192
Q

Steroids have an –OH (carboxyl) functional group which puts them in what classification?

A

alcohol classification(sterols)

193
Q

What functional group do many steroids have?

A

Carboxyl functional group

194
Q

What is the most common steroid?

A

Cholesterol

195
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesized?

A

Liver

196
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor to what?

A

Many steroid hormones like testosterone and estradiol, bile salts, and Vitamin D

197
Q

What secretes testosterone and estradiol?

A

Gonads and endocrine glands

198
Q

What is the purpose of bile salts?

A

Emulsification of fats and their absorption into cells/helps digest and absorb dietary lipids

199
Q

What is cholesterol a component of and where is it found?

A

It is a component of plasma membrane and it’s found in the phospholipid bilayer

BIO 1111 007 (4 decks)

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