Chapter 3 Lie Detection

Question 1

May eventually be capable of monitoring physiological stress (e.g., changes in respiration, heart rate, muscle tremors) through means of a near-infrared light beam aimed at the neck of a subject many metres away.

Answer 1

laser doppler vibrometry

Question 2

People participating these studies are randomly assigned to be either guilty suspects or innocent suspects.

Answer 2

mock crimes

Question 3

Usually have a blood pressure cuff around the upper arm, a pneumatic tube stretched across the chest, and electrodes on the fingers of one hand. Greek for many writings.

Answer 3

polygraph

Question 4

An alternative form of the Control Question Test (CQT) that uses the relevant question as its own control. “Did you use physical force to make her have sex with you?” would be asked twice. The suspect is instructed to tell the truth once and to tell a lie once and a direct comparison of responses to the same question is made.

Answer 4

positive control test (PCT)

Question 5

Developed by Canadian-born John A. Larson. The first systematic questioning procedure for use with polygraph . It uses two types of questions: some have nothing to do with the crime or behaviour under investigation while others bear directly on the crime in question.

Answer 5

relevant–irrelevant test (RIT)

Question 6

For each set of questions the physiological responses to the first answer option are thrown out.

Answer 6

unscored buffer

Question 7

Out of over 12,000 people, 42 have been discovered who can tell when someone is lying more than 80% of the time.

Answer 7

wizards

Question 8

The boundaries of thought crime

Answer 8

cognitive privacy

Question 9

Concern misdeeds that are similar to those being investigated, but refer to the subject’s past and are usually broad in scope. Used to elicit a baseline, weak response.

Answer 9

control question

Question 10

Designed to correct some of the problems associated with the older RIT. Relies on the measurement of relative arousal and highlights the importance of control questions. These control questions involve behaviours that are uncomfortable for suspects but not directly related to the crime under investigation. The basic proposition is that innocent suspects will react more strongly to the control questions and guilty suspects will respond more strongly to the relevant questions about the crime.

Answer 10

control question test (CQT)

Question 11

Techniques for thwarting the polygraph

Answer 11

countermeasures

Question 12

The new catch-phrase for lie detection.

Answer 12

Credibility Assessment

Question 13

Uses systematic analysis of written statements to assess the truthfulness of a description of an event. Often used for assessing the credibility of statements made by child witnesses in sexual assault cases.

Answer 13

criteria-based content analysis (CBCA)

Question 14

Electrodes consisting of small metal discs with thin wires are pasted onto the scalp and detect electrical charges from the activity of brain cells. There is a typical pattern of electrical activity that is associated with the retrieval of things that we remember and this can be used to replicate the Guilty Knowledge Test.

Answer 14

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 15

Tracks visual attention to a scene based on eye movement, scanning path, pupil dilation, and gaze fixation to help assess guilty knowledge.

Answer 15

Eye Movement Memory Assessment

Question 16

Someone declared deceptive were really telling the truth

Answer 16

False Positive

Question 17

Yields a video image of the brain in action by taking a photographic image of how much oxygen is being used in every part of the brain about every 2 seconds.

Answer 17

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 18

Frames a question in terms of actions rather than knowledge, which further permits an innocent suspect with knowledge of the case to respond with a no to the critical question.

Answer 18

Guilty Actions Test (GAT)

Question 19

Intended to detect whether or not someone knows facts only a criminal would know by detecting elevated physiological arousal when a guilty person will recognize scenes and events from a crime.

Answer 19

Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)

Question 20

monitors minuscule shifts in the heat of the human face.

Answer 20

High-Definition Infrared Thermal Imaging

Question 21

A sequence of decision events that begins with the ‘gut’ reading of a defendant’s expressions and leading to a series of decisions concerning their credibility that biases interpretation and assimilation of incoming evidence.

Answer 21

Dangerous Decisions Theory (DDT)

Question 22

Once we form a strong belief about someone, we tend to seek out information that agrees with that belief and to simultaneously dismiss information that contradicts it.

Answer 22

Confirmation Bias

Question 23

The anxiety or concern a person experiences when he or she is at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about their social group

Answer 23

Stereotype Threat

Question 24

The belief that when lying, people tend to avert their gaze, squirm, touch themselves more, and stutter.

Answer 24

liar’s stereotype