Chapter 3: IPv4 Addressing

Question 1

Explain the differences between TCP, UDP, and ICMP.

Answer 1

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Connection-oriented, reliable, ensures data is received in the correct order. Uses handshaking (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK).

UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Connectionless, unreliable, faster, used for streaming and gaming. No handshaking, best-effort delivery.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for diagnostic and error messages, such as ping and traceroute. Not used for data transfer.

Question 2

What is the significance of the Time to Live (TTL) field in an IP packet?

Answer 2

TTL prevents packets from looping indefinitely in the network by limiting the number of hops a packet can take before being discarded. Each router decreases the TTL by 1; when it reaches 0, the packet is discarded.

Question 3

Given the IP address 192.168.1.10 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0, calculate the network address, broadcast address, and range of valid host addresses.

Answer 3

Network address: 192.168.1.0
Broadcast address: 192.168.1.255
Range of valid host addresses: 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254

Question 4

Describe the differences between classful and classless IP addressing.

Answer 4

Classful addressing: Uses fixed IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E) with predetermined subnet masks.

Classless addressing: Uses variable-length subnet masks (VLSM) to allocate IP addresses more efficiently, defined by CIDR notation (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24).

Question 4

List the ranges of private IP addresses for Class A, B, and C.

Answer 4

Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255