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BIOKMOR Finals > Chapter 3: Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups Flashcards

1
Q

[3.1] The reactive part of the molecule that gives its characteristic chemical and physical properties

A

Functional group

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2
Q

[3.1] What do you call the unreactive part of the organic molecule that is made of C-C and C-H sigma bonds?

A

Carbon backbone

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3
Q

[3.2A] What are the two types of hydrocarbons?

A

Aliphatic and aromatic

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4
Q

[3.2A] What are the three types of aliphatic hydrocarbons, including their general structure and functional group?

A
  1. Alkanes: C-C (no FG)
  2. Alkenes: C=C (FG is double bond)
  3. Alkenes: C≡C (FG is triple bond)
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5
Q

[3.2A] What is the functional group of aromatic compounds?

A

Phenyl group

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6
Q

[3.2A] How are carbon atoms classified (primary, secondary, etc.)?

A

Classified by the number of other carbons directly bonded to them

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7
Q

[3.2A] How are hydrogen atoms classified (primary, secondary, etc.)?

A

Classified by the type of carbon atom to which they are bonded

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8
Q

[3.2B] Explain what makes C-Z 𝛔 Bonds reactive according to acid-base and electrophile-nucleophile reactions.

> Heteroatom Z
Lone pairs on Z

A

Heteroatom Z - electronegative and creates a polar bond, making carbon electron deficient

Lone pairs on Z - available for reaction with protons and electrophiles

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9
Q

[3.2B] General structure and functional group of alkyl halides?

A

R-X

FG: Halo group (-X)

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10
Q

[3.2B] General structure and functional group of alcohols?

A

R-OH

FG: Hydroxy (-OH)

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11
Q

[3.2B] General structure and functional group of ethers?

A

R-OR

FG: Alkoxy (-OR)

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12
Q

[3.2B] General structure and functional group of amines?

A

R-NH2
R2-NH
R3-N

FG: Amino group (-NH2)

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13
Q

[3.2B] General structure and functional group of thiols?

A

R-SH

FG: Mercapto group (-SH)

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14
Q

[3.2B] General structure and functional group of sulfides?

A

R-SR

FG: Alkylthio (-SR)

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15
Q

[3.2B] How are alkyl halides and alcohols classified (primary, secondary, etc.)?

A

Classified by the type of carbon atom to which they are bonded

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16
Q

[3.2B] How are amines classified (primary, secondary, etc.)?

A

Classified by the number of other carbons directly bonded to them

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17
Q

[3.2C] Explain what makes C=O Bonds (carbonyl groups) reactive according to acid-base and electrophile-nucleophile reactions.

> C=O bond
lone pairs on O
pi bond

A

C=O bond - polar; makes the carbonyl carbon an electrophile

Lone pairs on O - act as a nucleophile and a base

Pi bond - easily broken

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18
Q

[3.2C] General structure and functional group of aldehydes?

A

RCHO

FG: -CHO

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19
Q

[3.2C] General structure and functional group of ketones?

A

RCHR

FG: Carbonyl group (-CHR)

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20
Q

[3.2C] General structure and functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

RCOOH

FG: Carboxyl group (-COOH)

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21
Q

[3.2C] General structure and functional group of esters?

A

RCOOR

FG: (-COOR)

22
Q

[3.2C] General structure and functional group of amides?

A

RCONH2
RCONHR
RCONR2

FG: Amide group

23
Q

[3.2C] General structure and functional group of acid chlorides?

A

RCOCl

FG: -COCl

24
Q

[3.2C] How are amides classified (primary, secondary, etc.)?

A

Classified by the number of other carbons directly bonded to them

25
Q

[3.3] These are the interactions that exist between molecules and whose type and strength are determined by functional groups

A

Intermolecular forces

26
Q

[3.3] van der Waals forces are exhibited by which type of molecules?

A

All molecules

27
Q

[3.3] dipole-dipole forces are exhibited by which type of molecules?

A

Molecules with a net dipole

28
Q

[3.3] Hydrogen bonding forces are exhibited by which type of molecules?

A

Molecules with an H-N, H-O, or H-F bond

29
Q

[3.3] Ion-ion forces are exhibited by which type of molecules?

A

Ionic compounds

30
Q

[3.3] Intermolecular forces that are very weak interactions caused by temporary dipoles (momentary changes in electron density)

A

van der Waals

31
Q

[3.3] Intermolecular forces that are the attractive forces between the permanent dipoles of two polar molecules

A

Dipole-dipole

32
Q

[3.3] Intermolecular forces that occur when a hydrogen atom bonded to O, N, or F is electrostatically attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an

A

Hydrogen bonding

33
Q

[3.4A] the temperature at which a liquid is converted to gas; energy needed to overcome the attractive forces in the more ordered liquid state

A

Boiling point

34
Q

[3.4A] “volatile” is used to describe high or low-boiling compounds?

35
Q

[3.4B] the temperature at which a solid is converted to liquid; energy needed to overcome the attractive forces in the more ordered crystalline solid

A

melting point

36
Q

[3.4A] Relationship between boiling point and polarizability

37
Q

[3.4B] Relationship between melting point and symmetry

38
Q

[3.4C] the extent to which the solute dissolves in a solvent (liquid); energy needed to break up the molecules of the solute comes from the new interactions between the solute and solvent

A

solubility

39
Q

[3.4C] An organic compound is water soluble only if it contains 1 polar functional group capable of H-bonding for how many carbon atoms?

40
Q

[3.5] organic compounds needed in small amount for normal cell function and are obtained from diet (not synthesized by the body)

41
Q

[3.5] are nonpolar vitamins water or fat soluble?

A

fat soluble

42
Q

[3.5] are polar vitamins water or fat soluble?

A

water soluble

43
Q

[3.5] what organ are nonpolar vitamins usually stored in?

44
Q

[3.5] how are polar vitamins excreted?

A

urine (water)

45
Q

[3.5] is vitamin A (retinol) water or fat soluble?

A

fat soluble

46
Q

[3.5] is vitamin C (ascorbic acid) water or fat soluble?

A

water soluble

47
Q

[3.6] How does the micelle of soap work?

A

Soap removes nonpolar hydrocarbon material from skin and clothes by solubilizing it in the polar solvent water through the ionic heads on the surface and the nonpolar tails packed together in the interior

48
Q

[3.7] organic molecules that complex cations through a hydrophobic exterior (soluble to the membrane’s interior) with cations that the ionophore complexes; allows for ion transfer

A

ionophores

49
Q

[3.7] cyclic ethers containing several oxygen atoms that bind specific cations depending on the size of their cavity

A

crown ethers

50
Q

[3.8] Does an electron-deficient carbon atom react with an electrophile or nucleophile?

A

Nucleophile

51
Q

[3.8] Does an electron-rich carbon atom react with an electrophile or nucleophile?

A

Electrophile

BIOKMOR Finals (4 decks)

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