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The self-taught Programmer- Althoff > CHAPTER 3 Intro to Programming > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 Intro to Programming Flashcards

1
Q

In coding, IDLE, the color-coded text represents_____ and all the text that comes after “»” represents the______.

A

code output of the interactive shell

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2
Q

Courier New is a type of fix-width (non-proportional) font often used to display programming text why ?

A

because each character has the same width, so indentation and other display characteristics of code alignment are easier to observe.

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3
Q

Explain what a comment is?

A

A comment is a line (or part of a line) of code written in English (or another language) preceded by a special symbol that tells the programming language you are using to ignore that line (or part of a line) of code.

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4
Q

In Python, what symbol is used to create comment

A

pound symbol

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5
Q

What does a comment explain?

A

It explain what a line of code does

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6
Q

Programmers use comments to

A

clarify why they did something to make the line of code easier to understand for whoever

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7
Q

What can you write in a ‘COMMENT’?

A

You can write whatever you want in a comment

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8
Q

How long should the “comment” be

A

as long as it is only ONE LINE

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9
Q

When should you use comments

A

Use comments sparingly; do not comment on every line

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10
Q

Explain the use of a comment like this:

d = math.sqrt(l2 + w2) # length of the diagonal

A

Even if you understood exactly how this code works , you
still might not know how to calculate the length of a diagonal of a rectangle, which is why this
comment is useful.

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11
Q

Python programs are divided into

A

lines of code.

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12
Q

Print is indented by how many spaces?

A

4 spaces

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13
Q

Without proper _____, your program will not work.

A

spacing

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14
Q

Different kinds of data in Python are grouped into different

A

categories, or data types .

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15
Q

In python, each data value, like 2 or “Hello, World!” , is called an _____

A

object

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16
Q

For now, think of An object as a

A

data value in Python with three properties: an identity, a data type and a value (IDV)

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17
Q

The value of an object is the ______ it represents—

A

Data it represents; the number 2, for example, has a value of 2.

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18
Q

The identity of an object is where it is

A

stored in memory, which never changes (and which we will be ignoring for now).

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19
Q

The data type of an object is the ________of data the object belongs to

A

is the category of data the object belongs to, and determines the properties the object has.

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20
Q

What the determines the properties the object has?

A

The data type

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21
Q

When we refer to an object with a str data type, we call it a string; what is a string?

A

A string is a sequence of one or more characters surrounded by quotes.

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22
Q

You can use single quotes or double quotes, but the quotes at the beginning and end of a given string musT

A

match

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23
Q

“Hello World” is an example of what kind of data?

A

string

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24
Q

Strings are used to represent _______, and they have unique ______

A

text; properties

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25
Q

Whole numbers have the data type int , short for _____

A

integer.

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26
Q

Numbers like 2 , 3 , 4 and 10 all have the data type int. Another way of saying this is they are all

A

integer

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27
Q

Like strings, integers have their own

A

properties.

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28
Q

Whole numbers are integers, fractional numbers (numbers with a decimal point) have a different data type called

A

float

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29
Q

Like all data types, floats have their own

A

properties and behave in a certain way.

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30
Q

Objects with a bool data type have a value of either TRUE OR FALSE are called what?

A

have a value of either True or False and are called

booleans:

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31
Q

Objects with a data type NoneType always have the value

A

None

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32
Q

Objects with a

NoneType data type are used to represent the

A

absence of a value:

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33
Q

What is a constant?

A

A value that never changes\

for example : the value 2 does not change

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34
Q

A variable , on the other hand, refers to a value; but that value cha____cant/can change

A

can

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35
Q

A variable consists of ______

A

a name made up of one or more characters

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36
Q

Often programmers want to increment or decrement variables, Python has a special syntax—a shortcut—for incrementing and decrementing variables. To
increment a variable

A

you assign the variable to itself, and on the other side of the equals sign you add the variable to the number you want to increment by

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37
Q

Provide an example on how you can increment the variable–> x =12 but you want to increase to 14

A

x=12
x=x+2
x
»>14

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38
Q

Provide an example on how you can decrement the variable–> x =12 but you want to decrease to 10

A

x=12
x=x-2
x
»>10

39
Q

What is a shorter method for incrementing and decrementing variables you should use instead:

A 
x + = 1
x
>> 11
x = 10
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
x - = 1
x
>> 9
40
Q

Variables are not limited to storing integer values—they can refer to any data type:

A 
my_string = “Hello, World!”
>>
my_float = 2.2
>>
my_boolean = True
>>
41
Q

You can name variables whatever you’d like, as long as you follow 4 rules:

A
  1. Variables can’t have spaces. If you want to use two words in a variable, put an
    underscore between them: i.e., my_variable = “A string!”
    2.Variable names can only contain letters, numbers and the underscore symbol.
  2. You cannot start a variable name with a number. Although you can start a variable
    with an underscore, it has a special meaning that we will cover later , so avoid using it
    until then.
  3. You cannot use Python keywords for variable names. You can find a list of keywords
    here: http://zetcode.com/lang/python/keywords
42
Q

The set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, specifically word order

A

Syntax

43
Q

Python has syntax meaning Python also has a set of rules that must be followe d, so it also has syntax. For example: In Python, strings are always surrounded

A

by quotes. This is an example of Python’s syntax.

44
Q

Not following the rules can lead to a

A

Syntax error

45
Q

Can a program run with a syntax error?

A

no

46
Q

When there is an error in your code, you should

A

go to the line number the problem

occurred on, and try to figure out what you did wrong.

47
Q

Python has two kinds of errors:

A

syntax errors and exceptions.

48
Q

In python, Any error that is not a syntax error is an .

A

exception

49
Q

A ZeroDivisionError is an example of an

A

exception that occurs if you try dividing by zero.

50
Q

The difference between a syntax error and an exception is exceptions are

A

NOT necessarily fatal

51
Q

If you incorrectly indent your code, you get an

A

IndentationError

52
Q

Remember, when you run

into a syntax error or exception, what should you do?

A

go to the line where the problem occurred and stare at it until you figure out the solution (or search the internet for the error or exception if you are stumped).

53
Q

Most common arithmetic operators in Python –> **

A

Exponent

54
Q

Most common arithmetic operators in Python –> %

A

Modulo/remainder

55
Q

Most common arithmetic operators in Python –> //

A

integer division/floored quotient

56
Q

Most common arithmetic operators in Python –> /

A

Division

57
Q

Most common arithmetic operators in Python –> *

A

Multiplication

58
Q

Most common arithmetic operators in Python –> -

A

Substraction

59
Q

Most common arithmetic operators in Python –> +

A

Addition

60
Q

When two numbers are divided there is a QUOTIENT and a REMAINDER. The ________ is the result of the division and the _______ what is left over. The modulo operator (%) returns the

A

remainder when two numbers are divided

61
Q

There are two different operators for division. The first is //, which returns the____

A

quotient:
14 // 3
> 4

62
Q

The second is /, which returns the result of the first number divided by the second as a ______: provide example

A

floating point number:
14 / 3
> 4.666666666666667

63
Q

The values (in this case numbers) on either side of an operator are called .

A

operands (2 **2 ; the two 2s are called operands)

64
Q

Together, two operands and an operator form an

A

expression

65
Q

Python evaluates each______ and returns a single value.

A

expression

66
Q

The order of operations is a

A

set of rules used in mathematical calculations to evaluate

an expression.

67
Q

Order of Operations mnemonic

A

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally ?(PEMDAS)

68
Q

PEMDAS stands for

A 
Parentheses
Exponents,
Multiplication
Division
Addition 
Subtraction.
69
Q

Pythons follows what order of operations?

A

Python follows t he same order of operations when it evaluates mathematical expressions

70
Q

Comparison Operators are operators used in expression with _________.

A

expressions with operands on either side

71
Q

How are comparison operators different from arithmetic operators?

A

Comparison operators evaluate to either True or False .

72
Q

> Operator : meaning

A

Greater than

73
Q

< Operator : meaning

A

Less than

74
Q

> = Operator : meaning

A

Greater than or equal

75
Q

<= Operator : meaning

A

Less than or equal

76
Q

== Operator : meaning

A

Equal

77
Q

!= Operator : meaning

A

Not equal

78
Q

An expression with the > operator returns the value _____if the number on the right is
than the number on the left, and False if it is not:???

A

True; bigger

79
Q

= is used to assign a value to a variable, not to

A

check for equality.

80
Q

The comparison operator == is used to check for _____therefore if you see x=100, what should you think ?

A

equality, so if you see x ==

100 , then you should think “x equals 100”

81
Q

Logical operators: Expression with logical operators are similar to expression with comparisons operators how?

A

They both evaluate to true or false

82
Q

When Python evaluates a statement with the ‘and’ keyword it stops evaluating the statement as
soon as an

A

expression evaluates to False

83
Q

For example, if one of your expressions takes a long time to evaluate, you should put it first OR last, why?

A

last, because it will be less likely to be evaluated there.

84
Q

The keyword ‘or” takes two or more expressions and evaluates to True if _______

A

if any of the expressions evaluate to True

85
Q

When evaluating statements with OR in them, as soon

as one expression evaluates to True , Python does what?

A

stops evaluating the rest of the expressions

because it is going to return True regardless of how they evaluate.

86
Q

You can place the keyword “not” in front of an expression, and it will

A

change the result of the expressions evaluation to the opposite of what it would have otherwise evaluated to .

87
Q

If the expression would have evaluated to True , it will evaluate to _____when preceded by not , and
if it would have evaluated to False , it will evaluate to ____when preceded by not .

A

False ; True

88
Q

Conditional statements are a type of

A

control structure

89
Q

What is control structure?

A

block of code that can make decisions by analyzing the values of variables.

90
Q

A conditional statement is code that is able to

A

execute additional code circumstantially

91
Q

The keywords____and ___are used in conditional statements

A

if , elif and else

92
Q 
Here an example of two conditional statement definitions: Explain what they mean. 
If (expression) Then
(code_area1)
Else
(code_area2)
A

This pseudocode explains that you can define two conditional statements that work together. If
the expression defined in the first conditional statement is True , all of the code defined in code_area1 gets executed. If the expression defined in the first conditional statement is False , all of the code defined in code_area2 gets executed

93
Q

In a two conditional statement The first part of the example is called an______ , and the latter is called an ______

A

if statement; else statement .Together, they form an if else statement: a way for programmers to say “if this happens do this, otherwise do that”.

The self-taught Programmer- Althoff (3 decks)

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