CHAPTER 3: Instructions Flashcards
instruction set
vocabulary of commands understood by a given architecture
stored-program concept
idea that instructions and data of many types can be stored in memory as numbers and thus be easy to change, leading to the stored-program computer
word
natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 32 bits
doubleword
another natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 64 bits; corresponds to the size of a register in the LEGv8 architecture
Design Principle 2: Smaller is faster
- a very large number of registers may increase the clock cycle time simply because it takes electronic signals longer when they must travel farther
data transfer instruction
command that moves data between memory and registers
address
value used to delineate the location of a specific data element within a memory array
data transfer instruction
command that moves data between memory and registers
address
value used to delineate the location of a specific data element within a memory array
memory
is just a large, single-dimensional array, with the address acting as the index to that array, starting at 0
alignment restriction
requirement that data be aligned in memory on natural boundaries
binary number
least significant bit
rightmost bit in an LEGv8 doubleword
most significant bit
leftmost bit in an LEGv8 doubleword
two’s complement
signed number representation where a leading 0 indicates a positive number and a leading 1 indicates a negative number. The complement of a value is obtained by complementing each bit (0 → 1 or 1 → 0), and then adding one to the result
one’s complement
notation that represents the most negative value by 10 … 000two and the most positive value by 01 … 11two, leaving an equal number of negatives and positives but ending up with two zeros, one positive (00 … 00two) and one negative (11 … 11two). The term is also used to mean the inversion of every bit in a pattern: 0 to 1 and 1 to 0
biased notation
notation that represents the most negative value by 00 … 000two and the most positive value by 11 … 11two, with 0 typically having the value 10 … 00two, thereby biasing the number such that the number plus the bias has a non-negative representation
instruction format
form of representation of an instruction composed of fields of binary numbers
machine language
binary representation used for communication within a computer system
hexadecimal
Numbers in base 16 that are easy to convert to binary
opcode
field that denotes the operation and format of an instruction
and
logical bit- by-bit operation with two operands that calculates a 1 only if there is a 1 in both operands
mask
“conceals” some bits
or
logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates a 1 if there is a 1 in either operand
not
logical bit-by-bit operation with one operand that inverts the bits; that is, it replaces every 1 with a 0, and every 0 with a 1
EOR (exclusive or)
logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates the exclusive OR of the two operands. That is, it calculates a 1 only if the values are different in the two operands