Chapter 3- Human Anatomy Flashcards
How many planes are used in anatomical descriptions for identification?
3
What are the planes used in anatomic terminology?
Median “midsagittal” plane (vertical⬆️⬇️)
Transverse plane (horizontal ⬅️➡️)
Front “coronal” plane (FWD & AFT)
Superior is _____, on the _____ plane.
Nearer to the head
Transverse plane ⬆️⬇️
Inferior is _____, on the _____ plane.
Nearer to the feet
Transverse plane - vertical ⬆️⬇️
Anterior (ventral) is _____, on the _____ plane.
Nearer to the front
Frontal (coronal) plane
(FWD and Aft)
Posterior (dorsal) is _____, on the _____ plane.
Nearer to the back
Frontal (coronal) plane
Superficial is _____, on the _____ plane.
Nearer to the surface of the body
Any plane?
Deep is _____, on the _____ plane.
Farther from the surface of the body
Any plane?
Medial is _____, on the _____ plane.
Nearer to the.... Medial plane (midsagittal)
Lateral is _____, on the _____ plane.
Farther from the.... Medial plane (midsagittal)
What is flexion?
Flexion reduces the angle between two bones at a joint.
What is extension?
Extension increases the angle between two bones at a joint.
What is Abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body (medial plane)
What is adduction?
Movement toward the midline of the body (medial plane)
What is circumduction?
The cone of movement occurs when flexion/extension and abduction/adduction movements are combine, but NO rotation is involved.
In circumduction, there is no _____.
Rotation
What is pronation?
Facing down
Which way is the palm facing if it is supinated?
Facing up
What is supination, and on what plane?
Superior, facing up
Transverse plane
Palm facing down is _____.
Pronation
What is inversion?
When the sole of your foot is turned inward towards the medial plane.
What is eversion?
When the sole is turned outward or away from the medial plane
What is Doris flexion?
Pulling your ankle up
Moving your ankle so that the dorsal surface of the foot moves superiorly
What is plantar flexion?
Extending your foot
Draws the foot inferiorly
What is the musculoskeletal system?
Composed of 3 distinct yet interdependent components
Bones
Joints
Muscles
What are the 3 components of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones
Joints
Muscles
Bones form the _____.
Rigid skeletal framework
How do bones move?
Around joints
How do joints move?
As a result of the forces produced by attaching muscles
Bones act as what?
Levers
How many shapes of bone are there?
5
What are the 5 bone types?
Long Short Flat Sesamoid Irregular
How are sesamoid bones shaped and where?
Shaped like a pea
Found in tendons
Bone that are more porous have a smaller proportion of _____ and _____, and greatest _____.
Calcium phosphate
Carbonate
Nonmineralized tissue
Bone that has low porosity is called _____.
Cortical bone
Cortical bone is less _____ and has a relatively high _____.
Less flexible
Resistance to greater stress
What is another name for cancellous bone?
Spongy
Spongy bone has a relatively high _____ with more ______.
High porosity
More nonmineralized titssue
What structure does spongy (cancellous) bone have, providing what?
Honeycomb structure
More flexibility
What are the main components of bone?
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Collagen
Water
Collagen does what?
Give bone it’s characteristic flexibility
Contributes to the bone’s ability to resist pulling/stretching forces
Where is cortical bone found?
In long bones required to be stronger and resist greater stress
Where is spongy bone found?
Found where shock absorption and a better ability to change shape are important (vertebrae)
In adults and children, long bones contain what type of marrow?
Adults- yellow marrow
Children- red marrow
The calcium compounds (calcium carbonate-phosphate) make up what percentage of a bone’s composition?
What do these compounds provide for the bone?
60-70%
Increased stiffness, and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces
Children’s bones are less/more pliable than adults?
Significantly more
With aging, _____ decreases, increasing _____ of the bone.
Collagen
Brittleness
How much water do bones contain?
20%
Account for 20-25% of bone mass
Subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, bones become _____.
More dense
More mineralized
Inactivity can lead to what in bones?
Less dense
Less mineralized
Decreased in weight and strength
Reduced mechanical stress upon bones causes _____.
Loss of bone mass
How many bones makeup the human skeleton?
206
What are the two sections the human skeleton is divided into?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
The axial skeleton is composed of ____, a total of ______ bones.
Skull, vertebrae, and sternum (head, spine, trunk)
80 bones
The appendicular skeleton consists of ______, with a total of _____ bones.
Pectoral, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs (shoulder, hip, arms, legs)
126 bones
In what type of bones can marrow be found?
Typically in long bones
Bones are very ______ for their ______.
Strong
Light weight
Why are bones strong given their light weight?
As a result of its chemical composition and the roles those compounds play in the bone.
Calcium carbonate & Calcium phosphate
-gives bone stiffness and resistance to pressing or squealing forces
Collagen- flexibility, resistance to stretching/pulling forces
Bones are _____ and _____ than other structures, such as _____.
Stronger
More durable
Skin
The presence or absence of different forces can affect the bone how?
Size
Shape
Density
Bones become more dense and mineralized when what occurs?
Regular physical activity and habitual load
Bones becomes less dense and mineralized when what occurs?
Inactivity
The skull is divided into how many parts?
2
What are the two major parts of the skull?
Calvaria
Facial bones
What is the calvaria?
The vault created to protect the brain and brain stem, formed by the curved flat bones.
What bones form the Calvaria?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Sphenoid
Which is the most fragile bone that forms the calvaria?
Temporal bone
What occurs if the temporal bones is fractured and displaced internally?
It can cut the middle meningeal artery resulting in an epidural hemorrhage
What is an epidural hemorrhage?
Bleeding between the skull and the meninges (protective covering of the brain)
What is the meninges?
Protective covering of the brain
In an epidural hemorrhage, ________ to prevent ________.
Bleeding must be stopped quickly
Blood from collecting within the calvaria and compressing the brain, a soft and easily damaged organ.
How many bones compose the Facial Bones?
5
What are the bones comprising the Facial Bones?
Nasal (nose) Lacrimal (drainage of tears) Zygomatic (cheeks) Maxilla (upper jaw) Mandible (lower jaw)
Some fractures across the maxilla can cause what?
For the mandible to become separated from the maxilla
How many bones compose the Vertebral Column?
Up to 35 bones
How many groups of bone compose the Vertebral column?
5
How many bones are cervical vertebrae?
7
What are the first two cervical vertebrae named?
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
The thoracic vertebrae begin, top to bottom, beginning and ending with what named identifiers?
T1
T12
How many vertebrae compose the lumbar vertebrae?
5
The sacrum is composed of what?
5 fused vertebrae
The coccyx is composed of what?
4-5 fused vertebrae
How are vertebrae arranged?
In a cylindrical column interspersed with fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral) discs
The vertebrae form a _______ for the _____.
Strong and flexible support
Neck and trunk
The vertebrae is the point of attachment for ______.
Back muscles
The Vertebral column protects the ______ and provides _____.
Spinal cord and nerves
Essential support for the body and the ability to keep the body erect
Fibrocartilaginous discs are also known as?
Intervertebral discs
What do intervertebral discs do?
Absorbs shock effectively when the load on the column increases.
Allows the vertebrae to move without causing damage to other vertebrae or the spinal cord.
How many ribs are there?
12 pairs
24 ribs
Ribs are composed of ______.
Bone and cartilage.
Ribs do what?
Give strength to the chest cage
Permit the chest cage to expand
Ribs are what type of bones, shaped how?
Flat bones
Curved and slightly twisted
The shape of the ribs effectively does what?
Protect the chest area and deflect blows attacking it
What are the five groups of bones in the Vertebral Column?
Cervical (neck) vertebrae Thoracic (chest) vertebrae Lumbar (lower Back) vertebrae Sacrum (midline region of butt) Coccyx (tail bone)
Which ribs compose the “true ribs”?
The upper 7 pairs
Where do true ribs attach?
True ribs attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum.
Which ribs compose the “false ribs”?
Pairs 8-10
Where do false ribs attach?
False ribs attach to the sternum indirectly
Which ribs are the “floating ribs”?
Pairs 11 and 12
Where do the floating ribs attach?
To the vertebral column only
All 12 rib pairs “articulate” with which vertebrae?
The 12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
The midline breastbone is called the _____.
Sternum
The sternum consists of how many parts?
3 parts
What are the 3 parts of the Sternum?
Manubrium
Sternal body
Xiphoid process
Which bones articulate with the sternum?
The clavicles
Ribs 1-7
The manubrium is where?
The top part of the sternum
The sternal body is located where?
The mid-section of the sternum
The xyphoid process is located where?
The lower part of the sternum
Which bones compose the pectoral girdle?
The clavicle and scapula bones
Collar bones and shoulder blades
Which joint is the only bony joint between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle?
The sternoclavicular joint
What is the sternoclavicular joint?
The joint between the sternum and clavicle
The only bony joints connecting the axial skeleton to the pectoral girdle
Clavicle fractures occur often in ______.
Falls or collisions during sports or everyday activities
The pectoral girdle is ______ by many ______ that allows for ______.
Held to the chest wall
Muscles
Greater upper limb mobility
The humerus is which bone?
Shoulder to elbow
The bones that is shoulder to elbow, is called what?
Humerus
From elbow to wrist, there are how many bones? What are their names?
2
Radius and Ulna
Where is the radius bone located?
Wrist to elbow, 1/2 bones, closest to the thumb
Where is the ulna bone located?
Wrist to elbow, 1/2 bones, closest to the pinky finger
When you probate your forearm, what occurs to your radius and ulna?
The radius crosses over the ulna
What is the “carpus”
The wrist
The carpus (wrist) is composed of how many bones?
8 bones
How are the bones of the carpus arranged?
2x4
The bones that makeup the carpus are called what?
Carpals
From lateral to medial, the proximal row of carpals consists of which carpals?
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
From lateral to medial, the distal row of carpals contains which carpals?
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
What is the acronym for the bones of the carpus (wrist)?
She Likes To Play,
Try To Catch Her
What are the bones of the acronym
She Likes To Play,
Try To Catch Her.
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
What distal row of carpals connects with what?
The 5 metacarpal bones of the hands
The5 metacarpal bones of the hand articulate with what?
The fingers
All digits are made of how many parts?
3
The parts that make up each finger are called what?
Phalanges
Each digit of the hand consists of how many phalanges?
Fingers - 3
Thumbs - 2
What are the three phalanges of the fingers called?
Proximal
Middle
Distal
The phalanges of the thumbs are called what?
Proximal
Distal
Porous bones are also called ____?
Cortical bone
What are two examples of long bones?
Femur
Phalanges
What are two examples of short bones?
Carpals
Tarsals
What are two examples of flat bones?
Scapula, ribs
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella
What are two examples of irregular bones?
Pelvis
Facial bones
Bones are composed of what? What % do they compose?
Calcium carbonate/phosphate -60-70%
Collagen - 10-20%
Water - 20%
Collagen loss leads to _____.
Brittleness of bones
What are joints?
Point of connection between two or more bones
What are ligaments?
Strands of connective tissue that hold bones together
What do tendons do?
Attach muscle to bone
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous joints are not _____, but they _____.
Mobile
Absorb shock
Cartilaginous joints are ______ and _____.
Slightly moveable
Absorb shock
Synovial joints are identified _____. The ends are covered in _____ with the entire capsule filled with _____.
Based upon their shape
Cartilage
Synovial fluid
The “origin” of a muscle is _____.
The part of the muscle attached closer to the center of the body.
The part of the muscle further from the center of the body is called the _____.
Insertion
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball & socket Plane
Give an example of a hinge joint.
Elbow
Give an example of a pivot joint.
Vertebra
Give an example of a condyloid joint.
Metacarpals/phalanges
Give an example of a saddle joint.
Thumb
Give an example of a ball and socket joint.
Hip/shoulder
Give an example of a plane joint.
Wrist
The human body is made of how many types of tissue?
4
What are the 4 types of tissue in the body?
Epithelial (skin)
Muscle
Connective- tendons, bones, ligaments
Nervous
What mechanical characteristic do bones possess?
Stiffness
What mechanical characteristic do tendons possess?
They are flexible
What mechanical character tic do joints possess?
Mobility
What 5 forces act upon tissue?
Tension (pulling) Compression (squeezing) Bending (tension and compression) Shear (rotation) Torsion (twisting)
What is deformation?
Change in shape
What is the “elastic region” of tissue structure deformation?
The tissues ability to return to original shape after load is removed?
What is the plastic region of deformation?
Beyond yield point. Increased loads cause permanent deformation.
Tissue responds to training load by becoming ____ and _____ within the _____ level.
Larger
Stronger
Elastic
Stiffness is the resistance to _____.
Deformation
What is “positive training effect”?
Tissue responding to training loads by becoming larger and stronger with the elastic level
During treatment, _____.
A patient receives care by a health care professional
What are two types of preventive care?
Strengthening and flexibility
Rehabilitation involves _____.
A therapist works to restore injured tissue with active participation by the patient in a prescribed rehab program
The healing process consists of how many phases?
3
What are the 3 phases of the healing process?
Inflammatory response phase
Fibroblastic repair phase
Maturation-modeling phase
The inflammatory phase begins _____ and can last for _____.
At the time of injury
Up to 4 days
What will help facilitate healing of an injury in the Inflammatory response phase?
The injury must be rested and protected.
Ice
Compression
Elevated
What does PRICE stand for?
Protect Rest Ice Compress Elevate
The fibroblastic repair phase leads to _____.
Scar formation and repair of the injured tissue
The Fibrolastic repair phases begins ____ and lasts _____.
Within a few hours of injury
Last as long as 4-6 weeks
What occurs during the fibroblastic repair phase?
Granulation tissue (delicate connective tissue) forms to fill the gaps in the injured area. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that are deposited through the forming scar.
What subsides in the fibroblastic repair phase?
Signs and symptoms seen from the inflammatory response phase
During fibroblastic repair phase, what is important to introduce?
Controlled rehab-specific exercises designed to increase ROM and strength
This helps break down scar tissue
What methods exist to breakdown scar tissue?
Exercise
Massage
Ultrasound
What is the maturation-remodeling phase?
A long term process of realigning scar tissue to function normally.
The Maturation-modeling phase begins ____ and may last _____. What is included in this phase of the healing process?
May begin after 3 weeks
Years
Sport specific skills
What are the 4 types of soft tissue injuries?
Contusions
Strains
Sprain
Dislocations
What is a contusion?
Bruises
What is a strain?
Strains occur to muscles and tendons and can range in severity from a stretch to a tear
What is a sprain?
A sprain occurs to ligaments
What is a common type of sprain in athletes? What is the most common subcategory?
Ankle sprains
Lateral ankle sprain
What is a lateral ankle sprain?
Inversion sprains occur when stress is applied
Strains occur to _____, ranging from a _____ to a _____.
Muscle and tendons
Stretch
Tear
Sprains occur to _____.
Ligaments
What are dislocations?
The joint is pushed beyond it normal limits causing the just int surfaces to come apart
What is subluxation?
Partial dislocation
How many types of fractures are there?
4
What are the 4 types of fractures?
Simple fracture
Compound fracture
Stress fracture
Avulsion fracture
What is a simple fracture?
Fracture stays within the surrounding soft tissue, skin.
What is a compound fracture?
A fracture protruding from the skin
What is a stress fracture?
The bones are fractured but not separated.
How do stress fractures occur?
Repeated low magnitude training loads
Results from low magnitude forces beginning with a small disruption of the outer layers of the cortical bone. If stress continues, a complete fracture may occur.
What are avulsion fractures?
Tendon or ligament pull a small piece of bone away at it’sattachments
What is a concussion?
Injury to the brain due to violent shaking or jarring action of the head (impact injuries)
What are concussion protocols?
Guidelines that must be met before an athlete is allowed to return to play
What are 4 injuries caused by overuse?
Tendinitis
Bursitis
Stress fractures
Shin splints
Stress fractures: if stress continues, what may occur?
A complete fracture
What are shin splints?
What causes it?
Pain along the anterior ridge of the tibia
Due to inflammation of the interosseous membrane
How do you determine between a shin splints and stress fractures?
X-ray or bone scan
What are 5 things necessary for injury protection?
Protective equipment Warming up and cooling down Keeping flexible Eating right/staying hydrated Getting enough rest
What is tendinitis?
Inflammation of a tendon. It will become weak and may exhibit degeneration.
What are common examples of tendinitis?
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondyle of the humerus)
Golfers Elbow (medial epicondyle of humerus)
Jumper’s Knee (patellar tendon)(patellar tendinitis)
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursae
How many bursae are in the body?
Over 150
What are bursae?
Tiny fluid-filled sacs
What is the function of bursae?
To lubricate and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons
What is shoulder impingement?
Inflamed bursae or rotator cuff between the acromion (lateral point of clavicle) and the head of the humerus
Bursitis is most common where?
Shoulder joints
Elbow joints
Hip joints
What occurs when the bursae become inflamed?
Movements and direct pressure may cause pain
What is another name for tennis elbow?
Lateral epicondylitis
Tennis elbow affects what?
Tendons of the forearm extensor/supinate muscles.
These attach to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Responsible for wrist/finger extension
Golfers elbow is also called what?
Medial Epicondylitis
Golfers elbow is similar to _____, except _____.
It occurs on the inside
Golfers elbow affects what?
The tendons of the forearm flexor/pronators
These attach to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Responsible for flexing wrist/fingers and pronating forearm
Shoulder impingement is most common in whom?
Athletes, industrial workers…anyone who uses their shoulders repeatedly
What occurs in shoulder impingement?
Excess movement of the humeral head combined with lack of space between the humeral head and the acromion causes inflammation in the bursae or rotator cuff tendons in the shoulder
What is the cause of shoulder impingement?
Muscle imbalances in the shoulder
Weak shoulder depressors
-lower fibers of the trapezius and serratus
anterior compared with the shoulder
elevators (upper fibers of the trapezius)
Tight Pectoralis Major muscles may cause humeral head to rotate anteriorly, increasing potential for shoulder impingement
What is an example of a lower trapezius exercise?
Incline, reverse back flyes (palms supinated)
Grade Three sprains and strains result in what? Often requiring what?
Complete rupture of the tissue and often requires surgery
First degree strains/sprains are _____.
Minor injuries
What causes contusions (bruising)?
When a compression force crushes tissue
What is an anterior cruciate tear?
A tear of the ACL ligament (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)
What muscles are vulnerable to strains?
Adductors (pulled groin) Quadriceps Hamstrings Hip flexors Rotator cuff muscles
What are the most frequently strained muscles in the body?
The hamstrings
The pectoral girdle has how many joints?
2
What are the two joints of the pectoral girdle?
Sternoclavicular joint (sternum and clavicle) Acromioclavicular joint (acromion process of the scapula and lateral end of clavicle)
Where to shoulder separations often occur?
At the acromioclavicular joint
What is the glenohumeral joint?
Joint connecting the humerus with the scapula
The glenohumeral joint has a _____, but lacks _____.
Wide range of movement
Stability
What is the Acronym for the muscles that attach the head of the humerus to the glenoid fossa of the scapula?
S- Subscapularis
S- supraspinatus
I- Infraspinatus
T- Teres minor
The humerus connects to the _____ of the scapula.
Glenoid fossa
The integrity of the glenohumeral joint depends on what?
Depends on the rotator cuff muscles that SSIT on the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus and cross the joint to attach to the scapula
The elbow has how many joints?
3
What are the 3 joints of the elbow?
Humeroradial joint
Humeroulnar joint
Radioulnar joint
The humeroradial joint connects _____.
The humerus and head of the radius
The humeroulnar joint connects _____.
The trochlea of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulna
The radioulnar joint connects _____.
Radius and ulna
In the elbow, flexion/extension occurs at which joint(s)?
Humeroradial
Humeroulnar
In the elbow, what joint(s) is used for probation/supination?
Radioulnar joint
The distal radius articulates with which bones, at which joint?
The proximal row of carpals
Radiocarpal joint
The radio carpal joint attaches _____.
The distal radius to the proximal row of carpals
The knuckles are what joints?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
What movements occur at the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
What joints exist between the phalanges of the hand?
Interphalangeal joints
The pelvic girdle has how many joints?
2
What are the bones that comprise the hips?
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
What is the name of the joints connecting carpals to metacarpals called?
Carpometacarpal joint
The hips bones (3) together with the _____ form the _____.
Sacrum
Pelvic girdle
The hips bones (os oxae) consist of how many bones?
3
What are the three joints of the pelvic girdle?
Symphysis Pubis joint Sacroiliac joint Iliofemoral joint (hip joint)
The symphysis pubis joint joins what?
The two pubic bones, completing the pelvic girdle anteriorly
What occurs to allow women to give birth?
The symphysis Pubis softens
The sacroiliac joint connects what?
The sacrum and the paired ilia
What is the singular of ilia?
Ilium
The symphysis pubis joint is ______.
Fibrocartilaginous
The sacroiliac joint has a _____ and ______ component.
Fibrous
Synovial
In the sacroiliac joint, minor _____ of the _____ component can result in _____.
Displacement
Fibrous
Excruciating pain
What is the body’s most stable synovial joint?
The hip joint (iliofemoral joint)
The type of joints with least mobility are _____.
Fibrous and cartilaginous joints
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
The hip, or iliofemoral joint, is located where? What type of joint is it?
Between the head of the femur and the cup of the hipbone.
Ball and socket
Ball and socket joints allow for what type of movements?
Flexion-extension
Abduction-adduction
Circumduction
Ball and socket joints have the greatest _____ and ______.
Range of motion
Mobility
An example of a hip dislocation would involve what type of circumstances and impact?
Car accident, passenger, knees driven into dashboard
The knee is also know as the ____.
Tibiofemoral joint
The knee joint is relatively _____.
Stable
The knee joint has additional support from what 5 things?
Menisci (shock-absorbing fibrocartilaginous discs)
Anterior and Posterior ligaments
Later and Medial Collateral ligaments
What is the primary action of the knee joint?
Flexion-extionsion
When flexed, what movements can occur at the knee?
Medial and lateral rotation
How man rows of tarsal are there in the ______ joint?
2
Transverse Tarsal joint
Movement between the proximal and distal rows of the transversal tarsal joint causes what?
Reversion-inversion of the sole of the foot
Inversion/eversion of the foot helps us do what?
Walk over uneven ground
What aids the tarsals in maintaining the arch of the foot?
Plantar ligaments
Flat feet is caused by ____, unless you were born with it and it causes no _____.
Weak plantar ligaments
Discomfort
