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Computer Science > Chapter 3 Hardware > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Hardware Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the CPU

A

to fetch, decode, and execute instructions

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2
Q

What are the 4 main hardware components:

A

1) Input Devices
2) CPU
3)Primary Memory
4) Secondary Memory
5) Output Devices

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3
Q

What is Von Neumann Architecture

A

storing data and instructions and data in the same memory

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4
Q

What are the 2 main components of a CPU

A

1) Control Unit (CU)
2) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

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5
Q

What is the role of the ALU

A

to perform calculations needed to execute instructions

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6
Q

What are registers

A

Small memory locations within the CPU

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7
Q

What is the role of the Control Unit

A

sends control signals to different components instructing them what to do.

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8
Q

What is the role of an Accumulator?

A

Temporarily stores the results of the calculations performed by the ALU

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9
Q

What is the role of the Program Counter

A

Stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched from the main memory

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10
Q

What is the role of the Memory Address Register

A

Stores the address of the instructions/data to be fetched from or written to memory.

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11
Q

What is the role of the Memory Data Register

A

stores data that has been fetched from memory or being written to memory

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12
Q

What happens to the data sent from the MDR

A

data is sent to the ALU to be executed

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13
Q

What is the role of the Current Instruction Register

A

Holds the instruction the CPU is currently decoding

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14
Q

What is a microprocessor

A

Compact way of processing data and can be used in a wide range of electronic devices

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of busses

A

1) Data Bus
2) Control Bus
3) Address Bus

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16
Q

What is the role of the Data Bus

A

to transmit data from the CPU to the memory (bi-directional)

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17
Q

What is the role of the Control Bus

A

to transfer control signals from the Control Unit to other components in the computer system (Unidirectional)

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18
Q

What is the role of the Address Bus

A

Transfer addresses from the CPU to main memory

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19
Q

What happens in the Fetch, Decode, and Execute Cycle

A

1) Program counter checks for the address of the next instruction to be executed.
2) The contents of the Program Counter are copied into the Memory Address Register.
3) The control unit sends a memory read request through the control bus to the main memory.
4) Address is sent down the address bus into the main memory
5) Contents of main memory are sent down to Memory Data Register by the data bus.
6) Contents of the Memory Data Register are copied onto the Current Instruction Register.
7) Instructions in the Current Instruction Register are decoded.
8) The instruction is executed by the ALU and then the end result is stored in the accumulator.

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20
Q

What does one core do

A

runs a separate fetch, decode, and execute cycles

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21
Q

What is clockspeed

A

how many instructions the core can execute each second.

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22
Q

What is cache

A

small amount of memory situated within the CPU

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23
Q

What happens if you increase the amount of cache

A

allows more data to be stored and accessed faster that if it was in ram, causing the performance of the CPU to improve.

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24
Q

What is RAM (Random Access Memory)

A

Memory unit where data is currently in use and programs which are running and stored

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25
What is an instruction set
a list of instructions that can only be executed by the CPU
26
What is an embedded system
Computer system with one function of limited specific functions built within a larger mechanical device
27
What are 2 types of embedded systems
1) microcontrollers 2) microprocessors
28
What is a microprocessor
integrated circuit only having ONE CPU on the chip
29
What is the purpose of embedded systems
to control the device and allow a user to interact with it
30
what are microcontrollers
where the memory and CPU are built in the same chip
31
What are the advantages of embedded systems (5 points)
1) low power consumption 2) small physical size 3) lost cost to manufacturer 4) controlled remotely 5) can operate in real time and respond to inputs quickly
32
What are input devices
hardware components that allow the user to interact with the computer system
33
How does a microphone work
vibrations from the sound are converted into electrical signals
34
How does a keyboard work
When a key is pressed, the peg underneath contacts with the conducting membrane. Each electrical signal transmits a unique code.
35
How does a digital camera work
once light enters the camera, the image sensor causes it to split it into millions of pixels. Each pixel has a different measure of light intensity which is then converted into binary.
36
How does a barcode scanner work
Shines a red laser at the barcode, the different amounts of light reflected back are converted into binary
37
How does an optical mouse work
uses a laser to detect movement, this is replicated and interpreted on a virtual cursor on a screen
38
How does a QR Code work
Piece of software converts the squares into binary data
39
What is primary storage
storage that is directly accessible by the CPU
40
What is the job of RAM
stores data, instructions and software
41
What are 2 features of RAM
1) Volatile (data is deleted once the computer turns off. 2) Has faster read/write speeds that secondary storage
42
What is Cache
stores frequently used data
43
What are 2 features of Cache
1) Faster read/write speeds than RAM 2) Volatile
44
What happens when increasing amount of Cache you have
store more frequently used data and improves the performance of your computer
45
What is ROM
Stores the computers boot-up sequence
46
What are 2 features of ROM
1) Non-volatile 2) Cannot be changed
47
What is Secondary Storage
used for a permanent store of data, which is not directly accessible by the CPU
48
What are the 3 types of Secondary Storage
1) Magnetic 2) Solid State Drive 3) Optical
49
How does Magnetic secondary storage work
Hard drive spins at a fast speed. The read or write arm is controlled by an actuator, then electromagnets are used to read/write the data.
50
How does the solid state drive work
Uses NAND and Nor gates in the electrical circuits that control the flow of electrons.
51
How does optical secondary storage work
a laser is shined, there are pits and lands, once the laser hits a pit or land, the reflected light is not reflected back as well, and this shows a change in binary value
52
What is virtual memory
where secondary storage acts as RAM when the RAM is full.
53
Why is virtual memory important
stops the computer from crashing once the RAM is full
54
What is Page switching
when the operating system moves data into the CPU needs into the RAM, while sending unimportant data into a virtual memory in order to create space.
55
What is cloud storage
storing data on remote servers that can be accessed by the CPU
56
What are the 3 types of Cloud Storage
1) Public 2) Private 3) Hybrid
57
What is public cloud storage
Where the customer and the provider are different entitie
58
What is private cloud storage
storage provided to a dedicated environment and firewall
59
What is Hybrid cloud storage
Where less unimportant data are stored in public storage providers, while more important data are stored privately
60
What are output devices
shows the results of the processing in a way humans can understand
61
What is the role of an actuator
converts digital signals into real world movements
62
LCD 3 Features (Projectors)
- sharper image than DLP - uses less power and generates less heat - quieter running
63
DLP 3 Features (Projectors)
- high contrast ratios - smaller and lighter - suited for dusty atmosphers
64
LED Screens 3 features
- does not need backlight - better image quality and life span - consumes very little power
65
LCD Screens 3 features
- requires back lighting - low power consumption - does not have burn/ flicker issues
66
Inkjet Printers 3 features
- has a print head that moves across the page. - produces high quality hard copies of digital images/documents
67
Laser printers 3 features
- very fast when making multiple copies of a document - low running cost per page - used in business/education settings
68
What is the role of speakers
used to take digital sounds, and output as sound waves
69
what are sensors
measure a physical property of their environent
70
What does a network interface card (NIC) do
- converts data to be sent into signals that can be sent across a transmission medium
71
What is a NIC
internal physical component that allows devices to connect to the internet
72
What is a MAC address
used to identify a device on a network
73
What is a router
analyses data packets and directs them on to their destination
74
What does a router do
sends data to a specific destination on a network
75
what is a header
holds important info like ip address
76
What is a payload
actual data being sent
77
What is a hop
data passes through multiple routers
78
How does a Router receives data packets
1) When the data packet comes into your LAN from the internet, the router checks the packet header. 2) the router then forwards the packet to the specific device.
79
How does the router sends packets
1)When a device on the LAN sends data, the router reads the packet header to find the IP address 2) the router forwards the packet to the destination, through multiple routers
80
What are IP Addresses
unique numbers that are assigned to devices connected to the internet
81
What do IP Addresses do
allows data to be sent and received between devices
82
Features of a MAC address
- permanently assigned to a NIC (Cannot be changed) - written in HEX - used to identify a device on a LAN
83
Features of an IP Address
- used to identify a device on a network (can be changed) - written in denary - used to identify a device on a WAN

Computer Science (6 decks)

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