Chapter 3 Grammar

Question 1

state of being conjugations; present, past, negative present, negative past

Answer 1

present: -だ
past: -だった
negative present: -じゃない
negative past: -じゃなかった

Question 2

difference between は　and が

Answer 2

が: identifies a specific property of something

は: brings up a new topic of conversation

Question 3

conjugate i-adj: present, past, negative present, negative past

Answer 3

present: -い (no change to the original adjective)
past: -かった (remove い)
negative present: -くない (remove い)
negative past: -くなかった (remove い)

Question 4

conjugate na-adj

Answer 4

just add な

Question 5

conjugate いい

Answer 5

present: いい
past: よかった
negative present: よくない
negative past: よくなかった

Question 6

conjugate かっこいい

Answer 6

present: かっこいい
past: かっこよかった
negative present: かっこよくない
negative past: かっこよくなかった

Question 7

how to distinguish “ru” from “u” verbs

Answer 7

all “ru-verbs” end in ru, so if a verb doesn’t end in ru, it’s an “u-verb”

if a verb ends in ru, the preceding vowel sound decides

• u verb: a/u/o
• ru verb: i/e

Question 8

conjugate “ru-verbs”

Answer 8

present: no change
past: drop る and add た
negative present: drop る and add ない
negative past: replace い in negative with かった

Question 9

conjugate “u-verbs” (for past, just say generally)

Answer 9

present: no change
past: depends on its ending
negative present
-if they end in う: drop and add わない
-for all others: replace u-sound with a-sound equivalent + ない (ex: 持つ –> 持たない)
negative past: replace い in negative with かった

Question 10

conjugate する

Answer 10

past: した
negative: しない
negative past: しなかった

Question 11

conjugate くる

Answer 11

past: きた
negative: こない
negative past: こなかった

Question 12

conjugate ある

Answer 12

past: normal (あった)
negative: ない
negative past: なかった

Question 13

conjugate 行く

Answer 13

past: 行った
negative: normal (行かない)
negative past: 行かなかった

Question 14

how to conjugate past tense u-verbs if they end in:

• す
• く
• ぐ
• む
• ぬ
• ぶ
• る
• つ
• う

Answer 14

す --> した
く --> いた
ぐ --> いだ
む --> んだ
ぬ --> んだ
ぶ --> んだ
る --> った
つ --> った
う --> った

Question 15

how to use を (object participle)

Answer 15

attached to the end of a word to signify that the word is the direct object of the verb (the verb does something TO the direct object)

Question 16

how to use に (target participle)

Answer 16

attached to the end of the word to signify that the verb does something TOWARD the associated word and that is the final destination
-ex: target of any motion, or abstract concept

Question 17

how to use から

Answer 17

used as “from” (may be used with まで “up to”)

Question 18

how to use へ (directional participle)

Answer 18

attached to the end of a word to express that one is setting out towards the direction of the target (not necessarily final destination, but can be abstract concept)
-requires verbs with a physical direction

Question 19

how to use で (contextual particle)

Answer 19

attached to the end of a word to specify the context in which an action is performed (“by way of”)

Question 20

what do you do if location is the topic?

Answer 20

attach the topic particle (は and も) to the three participles that indicate location (に, へ, で)

Question 21

what do you do if the direct object is the topic

Answer 21

only use one participle at a time!

Question 22

difference between transitive and intransitive?

Answer 22

transitive is like active, and intransitive is like passive (usually)
-intransitive verbs CANNOT have a direct object

Question 23

how to change an adjective to an adverb for i/na-adj

Answer 23

i-adj: substitute い with く

na-adj: attach に