Chapter 3 Genetics/Genomics Flashcards
Single called organisms with no nuclear membranes or organelles and with their genetic material as a single strand in the cytoplasm
Prokaryotes
Multicelled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles
Eukaryotes
A membrane bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material
Nucleus
In all animals and plants, there are two types of eukaryotic cells.______ _____is also called body cells composes most issues, such as a bone, muscle, skin, brain, and hair. ______are the sex cells, sperm in males and over in females.
Somatic Cells, Gametes
The root of somatic cell and gamete production is in the chromosomes, located in the nucleus of each cell. In humans, somatic cells are ______, having 46 chromosomes, whereas gametes are ______ with 23 chromosomes.
Diploid, Haploid
A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes
Diploid cells
A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes; half the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell.
Haploid
Each DNA sequence, each proteins generating code, is a gene; in the complete set of gene’s is the _______
Genome
Within any organism, nDNA is _______, meaning it is the same in each and every cell. (An exception to the rule is mature red blood cells)
Homoplasmic
Energy producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA.
Mitochondria
The mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA), a kind of miniature chromosome containing 37 genes is inherited usually just from the mother. Unlike nDNA, mtDNA is _____ meaning it can differ among different parts of a persons body or even within the same kinds of cells.
Heteroplasmic
DNA includes only one type of sugar and one type of phosphate group. However it includes four different types of nitrogen bases. A gene is a specific and unique sequence of these bases.
Adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine
A ____ is the building block of DNA and is made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a single nitrogen base.
Nucleotide
What are the three simplified steps for DNA replication?
- DNA unzips.
- Exposed nitrogen bases attach to free floating nucleotides
- Replication complete
The process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells?
Mitosis
The production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells.
Meiosis
Within somatic cells, chromosomes occur in _____, or matching pairs. They are virtually identical in their physical and chemical structure.
Homologous
All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells.
Autosomes
A complete set of chromosomes, including all of the autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
Karyotype
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a crossover event
Recombination
Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another. This may cause infertility, Down syndrome, including several forms of cancer.
Translocation
On occasion chromosome pairs failed to separate during meiosis or mitosis resulting in an incorrect number of chromosomes in the persons genome.
Nondisjunction
A loss in number of chromosomes is also known as?
Monosomy
The condition in which an additional chromosome exists with the homologous pairs?
Trisomy
Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein?
Amino acid
Most of the human body is composed of proteins, and the body produces 12 of the amino acids. The other eight called __ __ __ come from particular foods?
Essential amino acids
Protein synthesis is a two-step process. The first step, _____ takes place mostly in the cella’s nucleus. The second, ______, takes place in the cytoplasm.
Transcription, translation
____ has the same nitrogen bases as DNA, except that uracil replaces thymine. Uracil always matches with adenine, while guanine continues to pair with cytosine.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein; that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomes are made up of another kind of ribonucleic acid, _______. Once the mRNA is attached to the ribosome, the transcription step of protein synthesis is complete.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
The first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of messenger RNA (mRNA) based on the DNA template.
Transcription
The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by transfer RNA (tRNA) to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain.
Translation
The molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons, and each designates a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.
Anticodon
The sequence of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis once attached with a anticodon. AKA triplets
Codons
Chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain
Peptide bond
Also known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds
Polypeptide
