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Anthropology > Chapter 3 Genetics/Genomics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Genetics/Genomics Flashcards

1
Q

Single called organisms with no nuclear membranes or organelles and with their genetic material as a single strand in the cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Multicelled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

A membrane bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

In all animals and plants, there are two types of eukaryotic cells.______ _____is also called body cells composes most issues, such as a bone, muscle, skin, brain, and hair. ______are the sex cells, sperm in males and over in females.

A

Somatic Cells, Gametes

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5
Q

The root of somatic cell and gamete production is in the chromosomes, located in the nucleus of each cell. In humans, somatic cells are ______, having 46 chromosomes, whereas gametes are ______ with 23 chromosomes.

A

Diploid, Haploid

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6
Q

A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

A

Diploid cells

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7
Q

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes; half the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell.

A

Haploid

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8
Q

Each DNA sequence, each proteins generating code, is a gene; in the complete set of gene’s is the _______

A

Genome

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9
Q

Within any organism, nDNA is _______, meaning it is the same in each and every cell. (An exception to the rule is mature red blood cells)

A

Homoplasmic

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10
Q

Energy producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA.

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

The mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA), a kind of miniature chromosome containing 37 genes is inherited usually just from the mother. Unlike nDNA, mtDNA is _____ meaning it can differ among different parts of a persons body or even within the same kinds of cells.

A

Heteroplasmic

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12
Q

DNA includes only one type of sugar and one type of phosphate group. However it includes four different types of nitrogen bases. A gene is a specific and unique sequence of these bases.

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine

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13
Q

A ____ is the building block of DNA and is made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a single nitrogen base.

A

Nucleotide

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14
Q

What are the three simplified steps for DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA unzips.
  2. Exposed nitrogen bases attach to free floating nucleotides
  3. Replication complete
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15
Q

The process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells?

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

The production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells.

A

Meiosis

17
Q

Within somatic cells, chromosomes occur in _____, or matching pairs. They are virtually identical in their physical and chemical structure.

A

Homologous

18
Q

All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells.

A

Autosomes

19
Q

A complete set of chromosomes, including all of the autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

A

Karyotype

20
Q

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a crossover event

A

Recombination

21
Q

Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another. This may cause infertility, Down syndrome, including several forms of cancer.

A

Translocation

22
Q

On occasion chromosome pairs failed to separate during meiosis or mitosis resulting in an incorrect number of chromosomes in the persons genome.

A

Nondisjunction

23
Q

A loss in number of chromosomes is also known as?

A

Monosomy

24
Q

The condition in which an additional chromosome exists with the homologous pairs?

A

Trisomy

25
Q

Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein?

A

Amino acid

26
Q

Most of the human body is composed of proteins, and the body produces 12 of the amino acids. The other eight called __ __ __ come from particular foods?

A

Essential amino acids

27
Q

Protein synthesis is a two-step process. The first step, _____ takes place mostly in the cella’s nucleus. The second, ______, takes place in the cytoplasm.

A

Transcription, translation

28
Q

____ has the same nitrogen bases as DNA, except that uracil replaces thymine. Uracil always matches with adenine, while guanine continues to pair with cytosine.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

29
Q

The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein; that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

30
Q

Ribosomes are made up of another kind of ribonucleic acid, _______. Once the mRNA is attached to the ribosome, the transcription step of protein synthesis is complete.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

31
Q

The first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of messenger RNA (mRNA) based on the DNA template.

A

Transcription

32
Q

The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by transfer RNA (tRNA) to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain.

A

Translation

33
Q

The molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

34
Q

Sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons, and each designates a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

A

Anticodon

35
Q

The sequence of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis once attached with a anticodon. AKA triplets

A

Codons

36
Q

Chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain

A

Peptide bond

37
Q

Also known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

Anthropology (3 decks)

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