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Anthropology 102 - Essentials of Biological Anthropology > Chapter 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Adenine

A

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; pairs with Thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

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2
Q

amino acids

A

Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes form a protein

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3
Q

antibodies

A

Molecules that form as part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens

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4
Q

antigens

A

specific proteins, on the surface of cells, that stimulate the immune system’s antibody production

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5
Q

autosomes

A

All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells

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6
Q

coding DNA

A

Sequences of a gene’s DNAthat are coded to produce a specific protein and are transcribed and translated during protein synthesis

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7
Q

codominance

A

Refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote’s phenotype

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8
Q

codons

A

The sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

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9
Q

complementary bases

A

The predictable pairing of nitrogen bases in the structure of DNA and RNA, such that adenine and thymine always pair together and cytosine and guanine pair together

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10
Q

crossing-over

A

The process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis

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11
Q

cytoplasm

A

The jellylike substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and in which the organelles are suspended

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12
Q

cytosine

A

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with guanine

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13
Q

diploid

A

A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

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14
Q

epigenetic

A

Refers to chemical changes in the genome affecting how the underlying DNA is used in production of proteins, but without altering the DNA sequences

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15
Q

essential amino acids

A

Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body; they must be supplied by the diet

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16
Q

gametes

A

Sexual reproductive cells, ova, and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite type to form a new organism

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17
Q

genome

A

The complete set of genetic information for an organism or species that represents all the inheritable traits

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18
Q

genomics

A

The branch of genetics that studies species’ genomes

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19
Q

guanine

A

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with cytosine

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20
Q

haplogroups

A

A large set of haplotypes, such as the y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA, that may be used to define a population

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21
Q

haploid

A

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes; half of the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell

22
Q

haplotypes

A

A group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely spaced loci on a single chromosome

23
Q

heterozygous

A

Refers to the condition in which the two alleles of a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

24
Q

homeotic genes (Hox)

A

Also known as homeobox genes, they are responsible for differentiating the specific segments of the body, such as the head, tail, and limbs, during the embryological development

25
Q

homologous

A

Refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome

26
Q

homozygous

A

Refers to the condition in which the two alleles of a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same

27
Q

law of segregation

A

Mendel’s first law which asserts that the two alleles for any given gene are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm

28
Q

locus

A

The location on a chromosome of a specific gene

29
Q

meiosis

A

The production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells

30
Q

mitochondria

A

Energy-producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA.

31
Q

mitosis

A

The process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells

32
Q

noncoding DNA

A

Sequences of a gene’s DNA (also known as introns) that are not coded to produce specific proteins and are excised before protein synthesis

33
Q

nucleotide

A

The building block of DNA and RNA, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases

34
Q

nucleus

A

A membrane-bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material

35
Q

pleiotropy

A

A single gene can have multiple effects

36
Q

polygenic

A

Refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes

37
Q

polymorphism

A

Refers to the presence of two or more alleles at a locus and where the frequency of the alleles is greater than 1% in the population

38
Q

recombination

A

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a crossover event

39
Q

regulatory genes

A

Those genes that determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis

40
Q

replication

A

The process of copying nuclear DNA prior to cell division, so that each new daughter cell receives a complete complement of DNA

41
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

A single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis consisting of a phosphate, ribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases

42
Q

ribosomes

A

The organelles attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum located in the cytoplasm of a cell; they are the site of protein synthesis

43
Q

sex chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determine an organism’s biological sex

44
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms

A

Variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base

45
Q

somatic cells

A

Diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism’s body

46
Q

structural genes

A

Genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than regulatory proteins

47
Q

thymine

A

One of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA; it pairs with adenine

48
Q

transcription

A

The first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template

49
Q

translation

A

The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain

50
Q

translocations

A

Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another

51
Q

uracil

A

One of four nitrogen bases that make up RNA; it pairs with adenine

52
Q

zygote

A

The cell that results from a sperm’s fertilization of an ovum

Anthropology 102 - Essentials of Biological Anthropology (4 decks)

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