Chapter 3: Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction Flashcards
This refers to the entire process from transcription of the genetic code in the nucleus to the translation of the RNA code and formation of proteins in the cytoplasm
gene expression
How are the 2 DNA strands held together?
by hydrogen bonds between the purine and pyrimidine bases
How many pairs of nucleotides are present in each full turn of the helix in a DNA molecule?
10 pairs
How can the DNA control the formation of proteins in the cell?
by means of a genetic code
This is the transfer of cell nucleus DNA code to cytoplasm RNA code
Transcription
The enzyme that moves along the DNA strand and assembles the RNA molecule
RNA polymerase
This refers to the complementary code triplets formed during RNA synthesis
codons
These portions of the RNA will control the sequence of amino acids in a protein to be synthesized in the cell cytoplasm
codons
What is the difference of ribose from deoxyribose?
ribose contains an extra hydroxyl ion
Thymine is replaced by which nucleic acid in RNA?
uracil
This enzyme functions to activate the RNA nucleotides during RNA synthesis
RNA polymerase
What does RNA polymerase add to each nucleotide during RNA synthesis?
2 phosphate radicals to form triphosphates
This is a sequence of nucleotides in the DNA strand, immediately ahead of the gene to be transcribed, to which the RNA polymerase attaches after recognition
Promoter
**The RNA polymerase has an appropriate complementary structure that recognizes this promoter and becomes attached to it, which is the essential step for initiating the formation of RNA.
How many turns of the DNA helix is unwound by RNA polymerase upon attachment to the promoter?
2 turns
How many turns of the DNA helix is unwound by RNA polymerase upon attachment to the promoter?
2 turns
This is the sequence of DNA nucleotides at the end of the DNA gene which causes the RNA polymerase and the newly formed RNA chain to break away from the DNA strand
chain-terminating sequence
What ribose nucleotide base combines with adenine of the DNA strand?
uracil
This is a large, immature, single strand of RNA that is processed in the nucleus to form mature mRNA.
precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)
These are the segments of the pre-mRNA that is removed by the process of splicing
introns
These are the segments of pre-mRNA which are retained in the final mRNA
exons
This type of RNA directs the splicing of pre-mRNA to mRNA
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
This type of RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm for controlling the type of protein formed
messenger RNA (mRNA)
This is the type of RNA that transports activated amino acids to the ribosomes to be used in assembling the protein molecule
transfer RNA
This is the type of RNA, along with 75 different proteins, form ribosomes
transfer RNA (tRNA)