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Biological Basis (Test 1) > Chapter 3 (from the slides) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (from the slides) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuraxis?

A
  • The invisible line splitting the body

- Anatomical directions are relative to the neuraxis

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2
Q

What is Rostral (anterior)?

A
  • toward the head
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3
Q

What is Caudal (posterior)

A
  • toward the head

- going down the spine toward the feet

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4
Q

What is Ventral?

A
  • inferior

- toward the belly

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5
Q

What is dorsal?

A
  • superior

- toward the back (top of the head)

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6
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A
  • same side of the brain (hemisphere)
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7
Q

what is contralateral?

A
  • opposite side of the brain (hemisphere)
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8
Q

What is the sagittal section?

A
  • straight through and dividing the brain into two hemispheres through the corpus callosum
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9
Q

What is the coronal/frontal section?

A
  • also known as transverse
  • transverse cut through the brain
  • cut from front to back
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10
Q

What is the horizontal section?

A
  • also known as axial
  • parallel to the ground
  • cuts from top to bottom
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11
Q

How do you interpret an x-ray of the brain? (coronal cut)

A
  • imagine that the patient is standing in front of you

- Your right will be the patient’s left. Your left will be the patient’s right.

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12
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A
  • One of the two nervous systems
  • comprised of the brain and spinal cord
  • the spinal cord is a conduit for information to and from the brain
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13
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • comprised of the cranial/spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia
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14
Q

Efferent messaging

A
  • PNS carry information from the brain to the target organs and muscles
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15
Q

Afferent messaging

A
  • The nerves carry sensory information from the muscles and target organs to the brain.
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16
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord protected by?

A
  • the meninges

- contains the three layers that protects the brain

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17
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • outermost and thick layer of the meninges
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18
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • middle layer of the meninges
  • overlies the arachnoid space
  • CSF in arachnoid layer
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19
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • inner most layer
  • overlies every detail of the outer brain
  • blood vessels run through the pia matter
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20
Q

What is meningitis?

A
  • Infecting in the layer covering the brain
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21
Q

What is CSF

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid

- brain sits in a pool of this and reduces its weight from 1400 g to 800 g

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22
Q

Where is the CSF contained?

A
  • contained within the 4 ventricles in the brain
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23
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A
  • the choroid plexus of each ventricle
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24
Q

What occurs when the ventricles expand?

A
  • when they get enlarged, disease can occur. Typically occurs with alcoholism or neurodegenerative diseases
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25
Q

Names of the ventricles

A
  • lateral ventricles
  • 3rd ventricle
  • 4th ventricle
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26
Q

True or False: CSF is produced continuously

A

True

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27
Q

What occurs when CSF doesn’t drain properly?

A
  • damage to the brain can occur.

- Hydrocephalus (water in the head) can occur

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28
Q

How is CSF produced?

A
  • Created in the choroid pelus of the lateral ventricle s and then enters the the 3rd ventricle and then enters the 4th ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
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29
Q

What are the arachnoid granules?

A
  • granules that remove the CSF that flows around the brain
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30
Q

How is the CNS developed?

A
  • Begins in the embryonic life as a hollow tube
  • Maintains its basic shape even after fully developed
  • The Tube is then created
    • Elongates
    • Forms pockets and folds
    • Thickens until the brain reaches its final form
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31
Q

More about the CNS development

A
  • created 28 days after conception
  • the Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are created in later development
  • As it developms, the telencephalon, diencephalon, and myelencephalon are created
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32
Q

Which ventricles are associated with the CNS developent?

A
  • Lateral Ventricles/forbrain = telencephalon
  • Third Ventricle = midbrain
  • 4th ventricle = hindbrain
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33
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the forebrain?

A
  • Major division: forebrain
  • Ventricle: lateral and third ventricles
  • subdivisions: telencephalon, diencephalon
    Principle structures: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus
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34
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the midbrain?

A
  • Major: midbrain
  • Ventricle: cerebral aqueduct
  • Subdivision: mesencephalon
  • principle structures: tectum and tegmentum
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35
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the hindbrain?

A
  • Major: hindbrain
  • Ventricle: fourth
  • subdivison: metencephelon
    and myelencephalon
  • principle structures: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
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36
Q

How does the cortex develop?

A
  • The cortex develops from the inside out. Main development stages: -progenitor cells (R) form the VZ (ventricular zone), and then expand into the SVZ (subventricular zone) by symmetric division; -progenitor cells initiate asymmetric division (one progenitor and one brain cell); -radial glia (scaffolding) stretch toward, and attach to the pia matter; -cortical layers form one by one with neurons migrating upwards
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37
Q

What is axonal growth?

A
  • once the neurons are in their respective cortical layers, they grow axons and ATTEMPT to find space on adjacent neurons for synaptic connections
  • about 50% of neurons vails to find postsynaptic “vacancies”. These neurons die by apotosis (programmed cell death)
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38
Q

What promotes neurogenesis?

A
  • disease an accelerate neurogenesis
  • exercise really promotes this in animals an humans
  • mild stress in beneficial in promoting this (contorversial)
39
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • forms the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres
40
Q

What are sulci?

A
  • small groves on the cortex
41
Q

What are fissures?

A
  • large groves on the cortex
42
Q

What are gyri?

A
  • bulges in the cortex
43
Q

What is the cortex primarily comprised of?

A
  • primarily composed of cell, giving it its gray appearance and is formed of 6 layers of cells
44
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cortex?

A
  • frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
45
Q

What is the brain connected by?

A
  • corpus callosum
46
Q

what are the major fissures and gyrus?

A
  • longitudinal fissures
  • central fissure
  • lateral fissure
  • precentral gyrus
  • postcentral gyrus
  • precentral gyrus
  • superior temporal gyrus
47
Q

What cortex is located in the frontal lobe?

A
  • motor association cortex

- primary motor cortex

48
Q

What cortex is located in the parietal lobe?

A
  • somatosensory association cortex

- primary somatosensory cortex

49
Q

What is located in the temporal lobe?

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • auditory association cortex
  • visual association cortex
50
Q

What is the located in the occipital cortex?

A
  • primary visual cortex

- visual association cortex

51
Q

What is the somatosensory humunculus?

A
  • organization of the different parts of the body

- sequence is the same size in all people

52
Q

sensory association?

A
  • sensory association cortex receives and analyzes input from primary sensory cortex: the further away the association cortex, the more complex the analysis becomes
53
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, mammilary bodies
54
Q

What is the hippocampus involved with?

A
  • involved in learning and memory
55
Q

What is the amygdala involved with?

A
  • involved in emotion
56
Q

Mammillary bodies

A
  • the fornix is a fiber bundle that interconnects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies
57
Q

What are the major structures of the limbic system?

A
  • corpus callosum, fornix, mammillary bodies, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, limbic cortex
58
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A
  • collection of subcortical nuclei that lie just under the anterior aspect of the lateral ventricles
  • involved in the control of movement and executive functioning
59
Q

What are the major structures of the basal ganglia?

A
  • putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus
60
Q

What structures are within the diencephalon?

A
  • the thalamus and the hypothalamus?
61
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • contains nuclei that receive sensory information and transmit it to cortex
62
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • contains nuclei involved in integration of species-typical behavior, control of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary
63
Q

The thalamus receives and forwards messages for all sensory input except for what?

A
  • olfaction, which goes directly to the limbic systems
64
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A
  • communicates with the pituitary and regulates the production of hormones
65
Q

What structures are within the mesencephalon?

A
  • the tectum and tegmentum
66
Q

What is the function of the tegmentum?

A
  • portion of the midbrain located under the tectum and consists of the following: rostral end of he reticular formation, periaqueductal, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area
67
Q

What is the function for the tectum

A
  • superior and inferior colliculi are involved in the visual and auditory systems
68
Q

What is contained within the metencephalon?

A
  • contains the pons and the cerebellum

- basically keeps us alive

69
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A
  • contains the core of the reticular formation

- involved in the in the control of sleep and arousal

70
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • mainly involved in motor control
71
Q

What structure is within the myencephalon?

A
  • the Medulla oblongata
72
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A
  • it is the most caudal portion of the brain and rostral to the spinal cord
  • control vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, breathing, and skeletal muscle
73
Q

What is a nerve?

A

collection of axons OUTSIDE of the CNS

74
Q

What is a tract?

A

collection of axons INSIDE of the CNS

75
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

collection of cells INSIDE the CNS

76
Q

what is the ganglion?

A

collection of the cells OUTSIDE of the CNS

77
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A
  • it is withing the vertebrae
78
Q

What is the ventral root of the spinal cord?

A
  • efferent message system-messages out
  • means that it mediates motor behavior outside of the spinal cord
  • descending
  • multipolar cells
79
Q

What is the dorsal root of the spinal cord?

A
  • afferent message system - messages in
  • ascending
  • carrying somatosensory information from the body to the brain
  • unipolar cells
80
Q

What are the dorasl ganglions?

A
  • is a collection of cell bodies

- cell bodies of the somatosensory neurons are outside of the body

81
Q

What are the dorsal root ganglion?

A
  • cell bodies of unipolar neurons
82
Q

what is the spinal cord gray matter?

A
  • site of efferent multipolar neuronal cell bodies
83
Q

What diseases effect the spinal nerves?

A
  • motor neuron diseases such as ALS, progressive atrophy, and muscular dystrophy
84
Q

The Peripheral nervous system?

A
  • contains cranial and spinal nerves
85
Q

What does the somatic division of the PNS do?

A
  • comprised of nerves that control muscle action and that carry sensory information back to the CNS: cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves (31)
86
Q

What does the autonomic division of the PNS do?

A
  • division of the PNS that governs smooth muscle and gland secretion
87
Q

What systems are contained in the autonomic division of the PNS?

A
  • parasympathetic and sympathetic
88
Q

Function of the parasympathtic?

A
  • supports activities that increase energy storage
89
Q

Function of the sympathetic?

A
  • arousal and the expenditure of energy
90
Q

What are the motor cranial nerves?

A
  • goes from the brain to the body
  • occularmotor, troclear, abducens, trigamental (jaw muscles), facial (face muscles) , muscles of throat and larynx, vagus (organs), neck muscles, spinal accessory, hypoglossal, tongue movements
91
Q

What are the sensory cranial nerves?

A
  • goes from the body to brain
  • olfactory (smell), optic (vision),, jaw muscles (touch and pain), taste, auditory, hearing, balance, taste, internal organs
92
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the eyes?

A
  • lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior obique, interior oblique
93
Q

Function of the sympathetic division?

A
  • associated with energy expenditure

- derives from thoracic and lumbar levels of spinal cord

94
Q

Function of the parasympathetic?

A
  • associated with energy conservation

- derives from cranial and sacral levels of the spinal cord

Biological Basis (Test 1) (4 decks)

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