Chapter 3: Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology Flashcards
1
Q
How many types of cells are there?
A
Roughly 200
2
Q
Do cells work independently?
A
No
3
Q
Cells combine to form
A
Tissues
4
Q
Tissues are
A
a COLLECTION of specialized cells that work TOGETHER and have a LIMITED number of functions
5
Q
4 Types of Tissue
A
Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissues, nervous tissue
6
Q
Connective tissue
A
supports
7
Q
epithelial tissue
A
covers
8
Q
muscle tissue
A
moves
9
Q
nervous tissue
A
controls
10
Q
Epithelial tissues
A
cover a body surface or lines a body cavity
11
Q
What type of tissue forms most body’s glands
A
epithilial
12
Q
Epithelial tissue can occur in between
A
the outside of the body and the inside - INTERFACE tissue
13
Q
Functions of epithelial tissue
A
Protection, secretion, absorption, ion-transport + diffusion, filtration, sensory reception
14
Q
Cellularity
A
composed mostly of cells separated by minimal extracellular material
15
Q
Specialized contacts
A
cells joined by special cellular junctions
16
Q
Polarity
A
cell region at the apical surface differs from basal surface
17
Q
Epithelia are supported by
A
connective tissue
18
Q
Epithelia tissue is
A
avascular but innervated
19
Q
Avascular means
A
no blood vessels, nutrients received from capillaries
20
Q
Nerve endings in epithelial tissue can
A
penetrate epithelial sheets
21
Q
Highly regenerative means
A
lost cells are quickly replaced by cell divisison
22
Q
Microvilli
A
Finger-like extension of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cell that increases surface area for absorption
23
Q
Cilia
A
Whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane that moves mucus of epithelial surface
24
Q
Flagella
A
extra long clilia that move cells
25
Apical surface features (3)
Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella
26
Lateral Surface Features (3)
Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions
27
Desmosomes (adhesion joints)
adhesive spots on lateral sides linked by proteins, filaments, - hold tissues together
28
Tight junctions
at apical area, plasma membrane of adjacent cells, fuse, nothing passes
29
Gap junctions
spot like junction occuring anywhere made of hollow cylinders of protein, lets small molecules pass
30
Basement membrane is
a sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue layers, attaches epithelium to connective tissue below
31
Basement membrane is composed of (2)
basal lamina and reticular fiber layer
32
Basal lamina
thin, NON-Cellular, supportive sheet
33
Basal lamina characteristics
superficial layer, filter, aids in regeneration
34
Basal lamina sub layers
lamina lucida, lamina densa
35
Reticular fiber layer
deep layer secreted by connective tissue, supports and anchors
36
Simple squamous epithelium description
single layered, flat cells with disc shaped nuclei, thin and permeable
37
Simple squamous function
allows for the passage of small molecules to passive diffusion, filtration, secretes lubricating substances in serosae
38
Simple squamous location
kidney flomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, ventral body cavity
39
Simple cuboidal description
single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
40
simple cuboidal function
secretion + absorption
41
simple cuboidal location
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
42
simple columnar description
single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei, some bear cilia at their apical surface, may contain goblet cells
43
simple columnar functions
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
44
simple columnar non-ciliated form location
ducts of male repro-tubes, ducts of large glands
45
simple columnar ciliated form location
lines trachea + most of upper respiratory tract
46
stratified epithelium properties
contain two or more layers, regenerates from basal layer, major role is protection, named according to shape of cells at apical layer
47
stratified squamous description
many layers of cells are squamous in shape, deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar, thickest epithelial tissue, adapted for protection from abrasions
48
Types of stratified squamous
keratinized, non-keratinized
49
Keratinized
contains the protective protein keratin, water proof, surface cells are dead + full of keratin
50
Non-keratinized
forms moist lining of body openings
51
stratified squamous function
protects underlying tissues in areas subjject to abrasion
52
Location of keratinized
epidermis
53
location of non-keratinized (5)
esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra
54
stratified columnar description
several layers, basal cells ususally cuboidal, superficial cells elongated
55
stratified columnar function
protection + secretion
56
stratified columnar location
rare tissue type, found in male urethra + large ducts of some glands
57
Glands
specialized epithilial cells that make and secrete protein product by exocytosis
58
Two types of glands
exocrine (external), endocrine (internal)
59
Exocrine glands
secrete substance onto a body surface (skin), secrete substance into body cavity (digestive), have ducts that carry product to epithelial surfaces
60
Unicellular exocrine glands
goblet cells- secretes mucin to lubricate internal body surfaces
61
Multicellular exocrine glands
have DUCT + SECRETORY UNIT, classified by duct branching structures, by secretory units-tubes, sacs, and hybrid
62
Exocrine gland types (5)
tubular, branched tubular, branched alveolar, compound tubular, compound alveolar
63
Endocrine gland description
DUCTLESS, secrete hormones into bloodstream
64
hormones travel to
target organ to increase response (excitatory)
65
examples of exocrine glands
salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver
66
examples of endocrine glands
pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid
67
4 types of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
68
functions of connective tissue (6)
connect tissues + bind organs, holds in body fluids, form basis of skeleton, store + carry nutrients, surround all blood vessels + nerves, protect against infection
69
Connective tissue commonalities (6)
acellular, embryonic origin, extracellular matrix, extracellular matrix is produced by cells of the connective tissue class, extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and protein support fibers, vascularized
70
emybronic origin
mesenchymal
71
chrondroblast
secretes cartilage matrix
72
osteoblast
secretes bone matrix
73
fibroblast
secretes ground substance + fibrillar matrix
74
fat (adipose) cells
store energy
75
white blood cells
fight infection
76
types of white blood cells (3)
neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages
77
mast cells
signal inflammatory response, promote healing
78
blast
actively secreting connective tissue matrix
79
cyte
function changes to maintenance, resting
80
blood cells do not
secrete matrix in blood to carry respiratory gases, fight infections and aid in blood clotting
81
collagen fibers
made of collagen, strongest, most abundant, resist tension, thick coils of cross-linked fibrils
82
reticular fibers
type of collagen that form dense mesh network rather than coiling
83
elastic fibers
contains elastin, a rubberlike component allowing stretch, pulls tissues back to original shape after being stretched out
84
Ground substance (CT)
generally gel-like w/large sugar+ sugar protein molecules which hold and absorb interstitial fluids
85
ground substance functions (CT)
cushions + protects
86
ground substance withstands
compressive stresses holds tissue fluid that bathes cellss
87
Interstitial fluid
derived from blood in CT proper, medium for nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to cells, found in ground matrix
88
Structural features of CT (2)
ground substance, interstitial fluid
89
Bone (exceptions)
embedded in calcified mineral salts
90
Blood (exceptions)
plasma, which is not produced by blood cells
91
Plasma
90% water, dissoved proteins, nutrients, ions, gases, functions in transport
