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Anatomy 3004 > Chapter 3: Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of cells are there?

A

Roughly 200

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2
Q

Do cells work independently?

A

No

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3
Q

Cells combine to form

A

Tissues

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4
Q

Tissues are

A

a COLLECTION of specialized cells that work TOGETHER and have a LIMITED number of functions

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5
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissues, nervous tissue

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6
Q

Connective tissue

A

supports

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7
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers

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8
Q

muscle tissue

A

moves

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9
Q

nervous tissue

A

controls

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10
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

cover a body surface or lines a body cavity

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11
Q

What type of tissue forms most body’s glands

A

epithilial

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue can occur in between

A

the outside of the body and the inside - INTERFACE tissue

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13
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, secretion, absorption, ion-transport + diffusion, filtration, sensory reception

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14
Q

Cellularity

A

composed mostly of cells separated by minimal extracellular material

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15
Q

Specialized contacts

A

cells joined by special cellular junctions

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16
Q

Polarity

A

cell region at the apical surface differs from basal surface

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17
Q

Epithelia are supported by

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

Epithelia tissue is

A

avascular but innervated

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19
Q

Avascular means

A

no blood vessels, nutrients received from capillaries

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20
Q

Nerve endings in epithelial tissue can

A

penetrate epithelial sheets

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21
Q

Highly regenerative means

A

lost cells are quickly replaced by cell divisison

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22
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like extension of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cell that increases surface area for absorption

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23
Q

Cilia

A

Whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane that moves mucus of epithelial surface

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24
Q

Flagella

A

extra long clilia that move cells

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25
Q

Apical surface features (3)

A

Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella

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26
Q

Lateral Surface Features (3)

A

Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

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27
Q

Desmosomes (adhesion joints)

A

adhesive spots on lateral sides linked by proteins, filaments, - hold tissues together

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28
Q

Tight junctions

A

at apical area, plasma membrane of adjacent cells, fuse, nothing passes

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29
Q

Gap junctions

A

spot like junction occuring anywhere made of hollow cylinders of protein, lets small molecules pass

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30
Q

Basement membrane is

A

a sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue layers, attaches epithelium to connective tissue below

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31
Q

Basement membrane is composed of (2)

A

basal lamina and reticular fiber layer

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32
Q

Basal lamina

A

thin, NON-Cellular, supportive sheet

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33
Q

Basal lamina characteristics

A

superficial layer, filter, aids in regeneration

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34
Q

Basal lamina sub layers

A

lamina lucida, lamina densa

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35
Q

Reticular fiber layer

A

deep layer secreted by connective tissue, supports and anchors

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36
Q

Simple squamous epithelium description

A

single layered, flat cells with disc shaped nuclei, thin and permeable

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37
Q

Simple squamous function

A

allows for the passage of small molecules to passive diffusion, filtration, secretes lubricating substances in serosae

38
Q

Simple squamous location

A

kidney flomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, ventral body cavity

39
Q

Simple cuboidal description

A

single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

40
Q

simple cuboidal function

A

secretion + absorption

41
Q

simple cuboidal location

A

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

42
Q

simple columnar description

A

single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei, some bear cilia at their apical surface, may contain goblet cells

43
Q

simple columnar functions

A

absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

44
Q

simple columnar non-ciliated form location

A

ducts of male repro-tubes, ducts of large glands

45
Q

simple columnar ciliated form location

A

lines trachea + most of upper respiratory tract

46
Q

stratified epithelium properties

A

contain two or more layers, regenerates from basal layer, major role is protection, named according to shape of cells at apical layer

47
Q

stratified squamous description

A

many layers of cells are squamous in shape, deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar, thickest epithelial tissue, adapted for protection from abrasions

48
Q

Types of stratified squamous

A

keratinized, non-keratinized

49
Q

Keratinized

A

contains the protective protein keratin, water proof, surface cells are dead + full of keratin

50
Q

Non-keratinized

A

forms moist lining of body openings

51
Q

stratified squamous function

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjject to abrasion

52
Q

Location of keratinized

A

epidermis

53
Q

location of non-keratinized (5)

A

esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra

54
Q

stratified columnar description

A

several layers, basal cells ususally cuboidal, superficial cells elongated

55
Q

stratified columnar function

A

protection + secretion

56
Q

stratified columnar location

A

rare tissue type, found in male urethra + large ducts of some glands

57
Q

Glands

A

specialized epithilial cells that make and secrete protein product by exocytosis

58
Q

Two types of glands

A

exocrine (external), endocrine (internal)

59
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete substance onto a body surface (skin), secrete substance into body cavity (digestive), have ducts that carry product to epithelial surfaces

60
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

goblet cells- secretes mucin to lubricate internal body surfaces

61
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

have DUCT + SECRETORY UNIT, classified by duct branching structures, by secretory units-tubes, sacs, and hybrid

62
Q

Exocrine gland types (5)

A

tubular, branched tubular, branched alveolar, compound tubular, compound alveolar

63
Q

Endocrine gland description

A

DUCTLESS, secrete hormones into bloodstream

64
Q

hormones travel to

A

target organ to increase response (excitatory)

65
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver

66
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid

67
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

68
Q

functions of connective tissue (6)

A

connect tissues + bind organs, holds in body fluids, form basis of skeleton, store + carry nutrients, surround all blood vessels + nerves, protect against infection

69
Q

Connective tissue commonalities (6)

A

acellular, embryonic origin, extracellular matrix, extracellular matrix is produced by cells of the connective tissue class, extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and protein support fibers, vascularized

70
Q

emybronic origin

A

mesenchymal

71
Q

chrondroblast

A

secretes cartilage matrix

72
Q

osteoblast

A

secretes bone matrix

73
Q

fibroblast

A

secretes ground substance + fibrillar matrix

74
Q

fat (adipose) cells

A

store energy

75
Q

white blood cells

A

fight infection

76
Q

types of white blood cells (3)

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages

77
Q

mast cells

A

signal inflammatory response, promote healing

78
Q

blast

A

actively secreting connective tissue matrix

79
Q

cyte

A

function changes to maintenance, resting

80
Q

blood cells do not

A

secrete matrix in blood to carry respiratory gases, fight infections and aid in blood clotting

81
Q

collagen fibers

A

made of collagen, strongest, most abundant, resist tension, thick coils of cross-linked fibrils

82
Q

reticular fibers

A

type of collagen that form dense mesh network rather than coiling

83
Q

elastic fibers

A

contains elastin, a rubberlike component allowing stretch, pulls tissues back to original shape after being stretched out

84
Q

Ground substance (CT)

A

generally gel-like w/large sugar+ sugar protein molecules which hold and absorb interstitial fluids

85
Q

ground substance functions (CT)

A

cushions + protects

86
Q

ground substance withstands

A

compressive stresses holds tissue fluid that bathes cellss

87
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

derived from blood in CT proper, medium for nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to cells, found in ground matrix

88
Q

Structural features of CT (2)

A

ground substance, interstitial fluid

89
Q

Bone (exceptions)

A

embedded in calcified mineral salts

90
Q

Blood (exceptions)

A

plasma, which is not produced by blood cells

91
Q

Plasma

A

90% water, dissoved proteins, nutrients, ions, gases, functions in transport

Anatomy 3004 (1 decks)

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